Chapter 19 Learning Objectives

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Apr 3, 2024

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Chapter 19: Human Evolution Learning Objectives 19.0 Introduction 19.0.a. Describe the evolutionary history of the Tibetan people, including adaptations to living at high altitudes in low oxygen environments. 19.1 Evolutionary Relationships among the Great Apes 19.1.a. Define “hominoids” and list the living genera within the Hominoidea clade of apes that includes humans. 19.1.b. Explain the process of “deep coalescence” and how two distinct branches (lineages) might share common characters, such as the shared loci between gorillas and humans. 19.2 The Hominin Clade 19.2.a. Explain how ecological changes in the African tropics impacted the evolution of “bipedal locomotion” in hominins. 19.2.b. Interpret a chronogram of human evolution. 19.2.c. Describe the distinguishing features of the hominin lineage. 19.2.d. Compare and contrast the first hominins, archaic hominins, and the genus Homo. 19.2.e. Explain Wrangham’s cooking hypothesis on how the acquisition of fire technology affected reduced nutritional challenge in early Homo erectus . 19.3 The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans 19.3.a. Differentiate between the “multiregional hypothesis” and the “out-of- Africa hypothesis” models of human evolution. 19.3.b. Define “mitochondrial Eve.” 19.3.c. Summarize the evolutionary pathways from Homo heidelbergensis through modern humans, including the roles of Denisovans and Neanderthals. 19.3.d. List the distinguishing features of Homo sapiens . 19.4 Interbreeding among Humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans 19.4.a. Describe the fossil evidence and molecular evidence that indicate interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans. 19.4.b. Explain how gene flow is used to understand interbreeding dynamics among Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans. 19.5 Migration of Modern Humans

19.5.a. Outline the methods of using blood type, mtDNA, and Y chromosome data to construct migration patterns of modern humans. 19.5.b. Summarize the “ structure ” algorithm and how it was used to uncover the genetic signal of human migrations. 19.5.c. Explain how human migration is an example of the serial founder effect and how that creates a distinctive pattern of genetic variation among human populations. 19.5.d. Describe how host–pathogen coevolution provides an alternate source of information regarding human migrations.

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