Canvas Lab Evidence of Evolution revised Jan22

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Moraine Valley Community College *

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Apr 25, 2024

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Name _________Nadia Antar______________________________________________ Section ____Bio101-303_____________ Canvas Lab: Evidence of Evolution Problem Is there evidence that evolution has occurred? Objectives After completing this lab exercise, the student will be able to: 1. Compare vertebrate embryos at similar stages of development. 2. Distinguish homologous and analogous structures. 3. Identify the bones in the front limbs of vertebrate animals. 4. Identify reptile like and bird like characteristics in a transitional fossil. 5. Note the changing position of the foremen magnum between vertebrate groups. 6. Distinguish among primate skulls, noting similarities and differences. Preliminary Information Evolution is the change in the allele frequency in a population over generational time. In other words, traits that are genetically controlled become either more or less common in the population over many generations. Evolution can occur due to natural selection, a process that leads to adaptation, or it can occur other ways, such as through random events or catastrophes. Changes are often cumulative, sometimes building over millions of years to produce large differences in ancestral and modern species. For example, there is strong evidence that vertebrate animals (those with backbones) all share a common ancestor that lived about 500 million years ago. In this lab you will examine some of the lines of evidence biologists use to understand evolution.

Name _________Nadia Antar______________________________________________ Section ____Bio101-303_____________ Part I: Evidence from Embryology The embryo drawings below represent four different types of vertebrate animal. Obviously, they are quite different as adults, but as embryos there are many similarities, due to the shared genes that control early development. These genes were inherited by a common ancestor, explaining the similarities in embryological development among related organisms. 1. Observe the pictures and place a check mark under each animal with the trait. 2. Label the limb buds, spinal cord and eye on each animal (the human has been done for you). You may need to print and page and then scan it as a pdf and upload it. Please make sure your name and date are on the page before you upload it. Trait Fish Reptile Bird Human Gill slits Tail Limb buds Spinal cord Eye

Name _________Nadia Antar______________________________________________ Section ____Bio101-303_____________ Part II: Evidence of Evolution from a Transition Animal A transition animal provides a line of relatedness between two species (or groups of species). The punctuated equilibrium theory of evolution states that the change from one species to another occurs very quickly in geological terms. The change happens so quickly that the transition forms are usually not found in the fossil record. The transition forms may not have been fossilized or the fossil remains may not have been discovered. Therefore, transition fossils are rare. Transition forms are species that have characteristics of both their ancestors and their descendants and provide strong evidence of evolution . Archaeopteryx lithographica is a transition animal between ancestral reptiles and evolving birds. The fossils of Archaeopteryx are around 150 million years old. 1. Observe the picture of the fossil of Archaeopteryx lithographica and an artist’s interpretation of the animal. Limb bud Spinal cord Eye

Name _________Nadia Antar______________________________________________ Section ____Bio101-303_____________ 2. Complete the table below by listing 2-3 characteristics of Archaeopteryx that are ancestral (reptile-like) and 2-3 characteristics that are bird-like. Characteristics of Archaeopteryx List 2 -3 Reptile-Like Characteristics List 2-3 Bird-Like Characteristics 1) Teeth: Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx has teeth, a trait usually related to reptiles. 2) Long, bony tail: Unlike many other reptiles, Archaeopteryx had a long, bony tail made of vertebrae, as opposed to modern birds' small, fused tail bones. 1) Feathers: One of the unique characteristics of birds, the feathers of Archaeopteryx. It probably flew or glided better with these feathers. 2) Bird-like skeleton: Archaeopteryx had a skeleton designed for flight, including a breastbone and a wishbone, Part III: Evidence from Limb Structure If organisms are related, their limbs should have similar bones. Homologous structures have similar shapes, development, and relationships with other surrounding structures. Homologous structures exist because the individuals have the same genes, inherited from a common ancestor, that control the development of the structure. The bones in the limbs of vertebrates are homologous structures. Analogous structures perform similar functions. A bird wing, composed of bones, muscles, skin and feathers, and a butterfly wing, composed of a carbohydrate called chitin, are analogous structures Homologous structures indicate evolutionary relationships between organisms while analogous structures do not. Some homologous structures are vestigial, meaning they have no modern use. For example, human embryo gill slits and tails are vestigial. In infants and adults, the tail is usually gone, but the tail bone remains and is also vestigial. 1. Observe the forelimbs of the human, whale, crocodile, cat, bird and bat. 2. Label or color code the bones for each animal: humerus - (first bone in the upper arm) radius (forearm bone on the thumb side) ulna (other bone in the forearm)

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