lab report 1

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School

Texas Tech University *

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Course

3105

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Civil Engineering

Date

Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Lab Report #1: Page 1 TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING Lab Report #1: Fluid Properties CE 3105 – Fluid Laboratory Section: 303 Team Number: 2 Instructor: Theodore Cleveland Authors: Bradley Brooks Conner Jeter Ruben Ramos Gabriel Vega Date of Experiment: 1/29/2024 Date of Submission: 2/5/2024

Lab Report #1: Page 2 Table of Contents Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Data Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Error Calculations ................................................................................................................................... 11 Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................................ 11 List of Figures Figure 1: Shear Stress Between Two Parallel Planes Figure 2: Hydrometer and Other Specific Tools Used Figure 3: Water Density and Specific Gravity Graph Figure 4: Saltwater Density and Specific Gravity Graph Figure 5: Glycerin Density and Specific Gravity Graph List of Tables Table 1: Recorded and Calculated results from the Density Measurements Table 2: Calculated Salt Mass Results Table 3: Recorded and Calculated Results of Specific Gravity Table 4: Kinematic and Dynamic Viscosity Table 5: Data Appendix with Calculated Results

Lab Report #1: Page 3 Theory Density is a crucial characteristic inherent to all substances, fluids included. It's commonly denoted by the symbol ρ and is defined as the ratio of a fluid's mass to the volume it occupies. Expressing it mathematically, density can be articulated as: Density = Mass of the Liquid Volume of the Liquid ρ = M V At given temperature and pressures, the density of a fluid is constant. With that, the assumption that as mass of the liquid increases, so will the volume, with constant density. Density is measured in units of kg m 3 (SI) or lb ft 3 (US). Specific Weight is the weight per unit volume of a liquid. Weight is a force that can be calculated by multiplying the mass of a liquid by acceleration due to gravity (g).

Lab Report #1: Page 4 SpecificWeight = Weight Volume γ = mg V At constant pressures and temperature, the specific weight of a fluid is constant. Specific Gravity , another significant property of fluids, is defined as the ratio of a fluid's density to the density of water at the same temperature. Notably, water has a specific gravity of 1.0. Fluids with a higher density than water exhibit a specific gravity greater than 1, whereas those with a lower density than water have a specific gravity less than 1. The formula for specific gravity can be defined as: SpecificGravity = ρ s ρ H 2 O As a dimensionless quantity derived from the ratio of two densities, specific gravity plays a pivotal role in determining whether a fluid will float or sink in water. Moreover, it facilitates consistent comparisons of fluids across various units. Fluids, defined as substances unable to completely resist shear stresses, initiate flow when subjected to such stresses. Notably, different fluids exhibit varying flow rates under identical magnitudes of shear stress. Viscosity serves as a metric for a fluid's resistance to shear stress, akin to internal resistance. Conceptually, viscosity represents the frictional forces between layers of fluid in relative motion. Dynamic viscosity quantifies the tangential force per unit area needed to move one horizontal plane relative to another at a unit velocity while maintaining a unit distance apart.

Lab Report #1: Page 5 According to Newton’s law of viscosity, the shear stress τ is proportional to the velocity gradient. Dynamic viscosity μ is the constant of proportionality. It can be represented with the following equation: τ = μ du dy Figure 1: Shear Stress between two Parallel Planes Dynamic Viscosity can be described as a ratio of shear force to the velocity gradient. It can be written in units of lb ft ∗ s (US). It can be found, especially in fluid mechanics, to encounter the

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