Chapter 11 Questions

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Loyola University Chicago *

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History

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Apr 3, 2024

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What were the innovations in education and church architecture in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries? In education, they used more books and built the best schools in churches of larger cities like Paris, Rome, Bologna, and Montpellier, and some schools specialized in a particular branch of learning like medicine, law, or theology. For church architecture, there was a new architectural style introduced called Gothic architecture. The Gothic architecture was characterized by ribbed vaults, pointed arches, and stained glass windows. The Gothic style reflected the wealth and self confidence of merchants, bishops, and kings, and was a style of the cities. What new sources and institutions of power became available to rulers in the second half of the twelfth century? Common law was a new source of power that rulers in the second half of the twelfth century gained. It was a set of legal principles and rules that did not just apply to the king’s specific laws, but applied to everyone in a region. This improved the legal system by making it fairer and stronger. Another source of power that rulers used was money. Since the King had a lot of money, it allowed him to hire salaried professionals to carry out the will of the ruler. The King would also travel so much that he hired officials to work in his absence since he was so wealthy. What do the works of the troubadours and vernacular poets reveal about the nature of entertainment — its themes, its audience, its performers — in the twelfth century? The troubadours and vernacular poets mainly wrote about adventure, chivalry, the various forms of human love and its joys and sorrows. Their performances spread stories and emotions and took place in various aristocratic courts ranging from the south of France, northern Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Their audience included everyone, which demonstrates why the troubadours and vernacular poets played an important role in spreading stories through creative works. How did the idea of crusade change from the time of the original expedition to the Holy Land to the Fourth Crusade? The First Crusade was the original expedition to the Holy Land and was when Christian soldiers traveled to the Holy Land to reclaim it from Muslim control to protect Christian pilgrims and was driven by religious devotion. However, the Fourth Crusade was very different in that instead of going to the Holy Land, crusaders ended up attacking Constantinople which was a Christian territory. This shows that the focus shift on the goals of crusades were not driven by religious devotion anymore, it was driven by political and personal ambitions. Making Connections
What were the chief differences that separated the ideals of the religious life in the period 1150– 1215 from those of the period 1050–1150? In the 1050-1150 period, the main focus that nuns and other religious figures prayed for was for the people living a life of humility and poverty, so they prayed for helping the poor. However, in the 1150-1215 period, there were more structured and organized religious orders which focused on praying for education and spreading the Christian faith. How might you associate the gift economy with Romanesque architecture and the money economy with the Gothic style? To me, the gift economy is giving and receiving things without money, and that is similar to Romanesque architecture because their structures were built by the community helping one another, giving their effort and time to gift these buildings to their community. The money economy is using money to receive the best quality items and services, which relates to the Gothic style because they would pay for skilled workers to build these structures with high quality materials. How do political developments — the growth of bureaucratic institutions, the development of strong monarchies, the growth of city governments — help explain the rise in popularity of vernacular literature and song in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries? Since these developments led to a more organized and stable society, people had more free time to explore cultural activities like singing and writing in their own language. City governments and strong monarchies supported poets, musicians, and writers, and encouraged them to create more works using their language that was spoken by the common people which made the literature more relatable and popular.
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