COMD 3120 Exam 3

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Utah State University *

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3120

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Linguistics

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Apr 3, 2024

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COMD 3120 Exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9o19hu syllable structure, substitution, assimilation What are the 3 different types of phonological processes? unstressed syllable deletion, reduplication, dimunitization, epenthesis, final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, cluster reduction What are the different types of syllable structure processes? unstressed syllable deletion This phonological process involves omission of one or more syl- lables from a polysyllabic word. Ex: "nana" for "banana" reduplication This phonological process involves repetition of a syllable of a target word, resulting in the creation of a multisyllabic word form. Metathesis switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other a phonological process characterized by the reversal of two sounds in a word that may or may not be adjacent to each other (e.g. pots for post) phoneme collapse A phoneme collapse occurs when a child substitutes a single sound for multiple sounds; for example a client is substituting b/d, k, g, m, n, s, l, r, ƒ, tƒ j, h Coalescence when two phonemes are substituted with a different phoneme that still has similar features (e.g. "foon" for "spoon") diminutization This phonological process involves addition of the /i/ vowel to the target word. Ex: "cup" becomes "cuppy" epenthesis This phonological process involves insertion of an unstressed vowel, usually the schwa, between or in front of two consonants. Ex: "school" becomes "aschool," "blue" becomes "balue" final consonant deletion This phonological process involves omission of a final singleton consonant in a word or deletion of a final consonant cluster. Ex: "task" becomes "ta" initial consonant deletion This phonological process involves omission of singleton conso- nants in the initial word position. cluster reduction This phonological process involves deletion or substitution of all members of a cluster. stopping, deaffrication, velar fronting, depalatization, backing, liq- uid gliding (simplification), vocalization (vowelization) What are the different types of substitution processes? stopping This phonological process involves substitution of stops for frica- tives or affricates. voiced fricatives usually become voiced stops What typically happens to voicing during the process of stopping? deaffrication This phonological process involves replacement of an affricate with a stop or fricative. only when affricate is replaced by a fricative, not a stop (then it is stopping) How does the KLPA define deffrication? velar fronting This phonological process involves replacement of the velars /k, g, ng/ with sounds that are made in a more anterior positon. depalatization (palatal fronting) This phonological process involves substitution of an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative or an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate. backing This phonological process involves replacement of sounds with an anterior point of constriction with posterior sounds. liquid gliding (liquid simplification) This phonological process involves substitution of a glide for a prevocalic liquid. May also occur in consonant clusters. vocalization (vowelization) 1 / 10
COMD 3120 Exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9o19hu This phonological process involves substitution of a vowel for a syllabic liquid. "Er" and "air" sounds are replaced by a schwa or another vowel. labial, velar, nasal, alveolar, prevocalic voicing, postvocalic de-voicing What are the different types of assimilation processes? consonant harmony What is another term for "assimilation"? prevocalic voicing This phonological process occurs when a voiceless sound pre- ceding a vowel becomes voiced. Ex: "toad" becomes "dode" postvocalic de-voicing This phonological process occurs when a voiced obstruent follow- ing a vowel becomes voiceless. Ex: "buzz" becomes "bus" initial consonant deletion, backing to velars, glottal replacement (coalescence, stridency deletion, consonant harmony also men- tioned) What are some non-developmental phonological processes? phonology The study of how speech sounds are classified, organized, and how they're used in a given language. bilabials, stops Easier sounds that develop first are the ________________________. liquids, glides The harder sounds that develop later are the ______________. rule, sound Kids tend to learn by ______ rather than by ______. kids who are highly unintelligible with a lot of phonological processes that need to be addressed Who is the phonological approach used for? Hodsons Assessment of Phonological Processes, Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis (KLPA), Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology (CAAP) What are some tests that evaluate phonological processes? Hodsons Assessment of Phonological Processes a good test, more descriptive in nature, it comes with a bag of little toys the kids can talk about, so you get natural productions from the child. KLPA Convenient because it's used in conjunction with the Gold- man-Fristoe Test of Articulation. It's probably used most often CAAP more recent, by Super Duper. Looks at both articulation and phonology, good for young children, very colorful and they enjoy it. 10 How many phonological processes does the KLPA measure? 2-0 and 21-11 KLPA has norms what age range? 10-30 mins How long does it take to administer the KLPA? deletion of final consonants, syllable reduction, stopping of frica- tives and affricates, cluster simplification, liquid simplification Which reduction processes are analyzed by the KLPA? velar fronting, palatal fronting, deaffrication Which place and manner processes are analyzed by the KLPA? initial voicing and final devoicing Which voicing processes are analyzed by the KLPA? 34 How many additional processes can be used to describe the ex- aminee's articulation, but are not included in the scoring system? 40% According to Barbara Hodson, all phonological processes that receive a percentage of occurrence greater than ________ are considered for remediation because this rating indicates exces- sive use of the process. Go through the GFTA responses and transcribe; For each word, look at the sound change booklet and record processes (write bold processes in scoring section, italicized processes in additional processes section); After scoring all words, tally at the bottom how many times each process occurred; transfer numbers to front page of test form; figure percentage for each process on the front 2 / 10
COMD 3120 Exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9o19hu page; calculate raw score (add up subtotals for each process) and write it in scoring section and front page of test form; use norma- tive tables to figure standard score; use 90% confidence interval; find percentile and test-age equivalent in normative tables; record additional phonological processes and vowel alterations; mark if there was a dialectical influence How do you administer the KLPA? 90% When administering the KLPA, what level of confidence interval should you use? highly unintelligible Phonological therapy is designed primarily for _________________ children. moderate, severe Phonological therapy is appropriate for children with ______ to _____ articulation problems. cycles In phonological therapy, treatment follows a ________ approach. cycles approach What phonological approach to remediation was promoted by Hodson and Paden? time periods during which all phonological patterns that need remediation are worked on What are cycles? cycles more closely approximate the way in which normal phono- logical development occurs than does teaching phonemes one by one What do proponents of the cycles approach say about this method? to correct phonological processes What are cycles used for? the individual child's number of deficient patterns and also on the number of stimulable phonemes within each pattern; the more errors he has, the longer it takes What does the length of each cycle depend on? 5 or 6 weeks, 15 or 16 weeks Some cycles are __________ long; others may be as long as __________. the complexity of each cycle is increased gradually during suc- ceeding cycles, your first time through you work on 1 phoneme within a process each day, patterns are recycled during ensuing cycles until each of the targeted patterns begins to emerge in spontaneous utterances, each phoneme within a pattern should be targeted for approx 60 mins per cycle, work through all defi- cient patterns in a cycle and then retest to see if percentage of occurrence scores have dropped How does the cycles approach work? 60 Each phoneme within a pattern should be targeted for approximately _______ minutes per cycle. by incorporating production practice words with more difficult phonetic environments (position of sound, linguistic level) and by grouping phonemes within target patterns (pairing cognates) How do we change the complexity of each cycle? 3-6 cycles (approx 30-40 hrs, 40-60 mins per week) How much time is typically required to achieve intelligibility using the cycles approach? Review preceding session's word cards (if any), Auditory bom- bardment (child listens to target words with slight amplification), Introduction of words to child (child says, draws/colors, writes word), Experiential play production, Probe stimulability for next session's target phoneme, Repeat auditory bombardment (listen- ing activity), Give homework (2 mins per day) What are the steps of a cycles therapy session? retest (to determine if you need to continue with specific patterns) What must you do at the end of each cycle? 60% When pattern is at least _______ (%) accurate in probes, it no longer needs to be addressed. It will develop naturally. (cycles approach) cycles Which approach may be one of the most widely used treatment programs for phonological disorders? 3 / 10
COMD 3120 Exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9o19hu non developmental processes, impact of intelligibility, percentage of occurrence, stimulability, and age of development Using a phonological approach to remediation, what are some different ways to choose goals? (determine goals and order de- pending on...?) the non-developmental ones The first processes you should address are always ______________________________. processes that impact intelligibility the most: final consonant dele- tion or syllable structure process, syllable reduction are developmental in nature: Velar fronting should be targeted early on, stopping of fricatives especially for language use so child can get /s/ and /z/ which are important for plurals and possessives Processes we should target second syllable structure processes Which type of processes affect intelligibility the most? syllable structure, substitution, assimilation How much do the different types of processes affect intelligibility, ranked in order from most to least? 1. syllable reduction, 2. DFC, 3. stopping fricatives, 4. velar fronting A child has the following processes: syllable reduction, velar fronting, deletion of final consonants (DFC), and stopping frica- tives. Which process do you work on first? (order processes 1-4 by impact on intelligibility) the context it occurs (e.g., DFC only do final position) When using a phonological approach to remediation, you only need to work on the phoneme in what context? if you consider it a problem (use your clinical judgment!!) According to the KLPA, when should you work on a process that has <40% occurrence? if you target a pattern for which the client seems to have "readi- ness" you may have greater success on these targets (compared to others) Why is it important to choose stimulable targets? velars develop before fricatives and affricates (choosing goals based on age of development) Why might a clinician decide to target velar fronting before stop- ping of fricatives or deaffrication? facilitating emergence of intelligible speech patterns and suppres- sion of phonological processes What 2 things does a phonological goal statement emphasize? establishing perfect phonemes (treat goals one at a time through increasing complexity) What do traditional therapy goals emphasize? phonological process, level of complexity, criterion Each phonological short-term goal must contain what 3 elements? multiple oppositions, maximal oppositions, minimal pairs (oppo- sitions/contrasts) What are the 3 contrastive approaches to phonological therapy discussed in the videos by Lynn Williams? multiple oppositions This approach directs intervention across a child's entire rule set by contrasting the child's error with up to 4 target phonemes simultaneously homonymous, reduce the homonymy in the child's speech The types of contrasts used in the minimal and multiple opposi- tions approaches have been called ____________ because the primary aim is to _________________. maximal oppositions In this approach, the child's error is contrasted with a phoneme that can be produced correctly, is independent of the error, and is maximally different from the target sound to be trained. (e.g., /dz/ and /w/) minimal pairs (minimal oppositions/contrasts) This approach utilizes contrastive word pairs in a one-to-one correspondence between the child's error sound and the correct target sound. It aims to confront the child with the homonymy that exists in his or her error production What is the theory behind the minimal pairs approach? one word is the child's error production and the other word is the target production (correct) How are word pairs selected using a minimal pairs (minimal op- position) approach? one word uses a sound that the child correctly produces that is maximally different from the target sound and the other word includes the target production How are word pairs selected using a maximal opposition ap- proach? 4 / 10
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