Annotated Bibliography Part Three

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1 Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography: Part Three Merissa Meredith Master of Science in Psychology, Southern New Hampshire University PSY 560: Theories of Personality Professor Brubaker October 26, 2023

2 Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography I: Freud/Psychoanalytic a. Eagle, M. N. (2013). The implications of conceptual critiques and empirical research on unconscious processes for psychoanalytic theory. The Psychoanalytic Review , 100 (6), 881–917. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2013.100.6.881 b. DOI: 10.1521/prev.2013.100.6.881 c. This article is considered a secondary resource because the author references empirical research that is not his own. d. Researcher Eagle (2013) examines empirical research on the Psychoanalytic Theory and unconscious processes. Freud’s contributions and approaches to this theory are critiqued and compared to other researchers who have added to his work. Multiple studies contradicting Freud’s theory are examined for reliability but still acknowledges Freud's determination that much of an individual's mental processes go on outside of their consciousness. e. This article is current by the date of its publication and is reliable due to the nature of the topic. Learned helplessness is considered an unconscious process and a factor briefly discussed in Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. Positive Psychology can contribute to unconscious processes, which makes it reliable for the analysis. f. This article is valid due to its intent during the analysis process. The author wanted to compare Freud’s unconscious thought theory to more recent psychoanalysis research. At the end of the critique and analysis, the researcher discussed valid points made throughout the articles and concluded with the prevalence of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory in current times.

3 Annotated Bibliography g. Although this article did not use the experimental method with participants, it still displayed cultural relevance. Every individual embodies emotional well-being and unconscious thought processes. Regardless of cultural affiliation, learned helplessness and unconscious thought are something everyone experiences. h. This resource will be used in the final project due to its critique of multi-empirical research on the Psychoanalytic Theory. The correlation between this theory on unconscious thought and learned helplessness is noteworthy and essential to the final analysis. i. Explaining the scientific reasoning between positive psychology, learned helplessness and unconscious thought is imperative when using this resource. II. Final Project Theory a. Teodorescu, K., & Erev, I. (2014). Learned helplessness and learned prevalence: Exploring the causal relations among perceived controllability, reward prevalence, and exploration. Psychological Science , 25 (10), 1861–1869. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614543022 b. DOI:10.1177/0956797614543022 c. This article is considered a primary resource because the author uses the experimental method to test and analyze previous theories. d. Researchers Teodorescu & Erev (2014) wanted to study if contributors such as perceived controllability, reward prevalence, and exploration are correlated with learned helplessness. One hundred and twenty engineering students were used as participants in research designs such as experimental and observational. After completing these tasks,

4 Annotated Bibliography researchers found that a lack of reward decreased the likelihood that a participant would explore options to regain control instead of feeling helpless. e. The article is current and frequently references past studies to show the need for recent research. It is relevant to the theory that learned helplessness occurs from a lack of control. However, after further investigation, controllability is not the only factor contributing to it. f. The article maintains its validity by completing the experiment showing data it was supposed to be measuring. The intent was to see if there were any causal relationships to learned helplessness, with the data showing that the researcher's hypothesis was confirmed. g. The article demonstrated cultural relevance by choosing a variety of participants. Instead of random individuals with the same socioeconomic status, they chose college students of different genders and cultural backgrounds. h. This resource is essential to the final analysis because of the results obtained about learned helplessness. Initially, it was presumed that a lack of control was the cause; however, groundbreaking results were discovered after the study that declared this not to be the only variable. i. It would be beneficial to research more in-depth on perceived awards and how they affect controllability. III. Final Project Theory

5 Annotated Bibliography a. Mohanty, A., Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2015). Learned helplessness and socialization: A reflective analysis. Psychology , 06 (07), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.67087 b. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2015.67087 c. This article is considered a secondary resource because the authors analyze past empirical research that is not theirs. d. Researchers Mohanty et al. (2015) wanted to analyze scholarly articles on the development of learned helplessness. After they review the literature, it is evident that nature and nurture, also known as genetics and environment, play a pivotal role in socialization and its correlation with learned helplessness. Additionally, the development of helplessness in children depends on parental involvement and interventions. e. The article references Seligman and his development of learned helplessness theory but interprets it to coincide with current practices. Published in 2015, this article is considered current in the scientific community. Its relevance is accurate to the learned helplessness theory because it demonstrates the effect an individual's development has on socialization and the ability to help themselves. f. The researchers did an accurate job of showing that through empirical research, socialization is correlated with positive psychology and learned helplessness. The researchers also concluded that child development is essential in behaviors and attitudes contributing to learned helplessness. g. The source demonstrated cultural relevance by explaining factors that could prohibit positive child development, such as cultural and socioeconomic factors. When analyzing one of the articles the researcher referenced, they clarify that cultures differ in parental

6 Annotated Bibliography punishments and engagements. This could ultimately increase or decrease the probability the child displays learned helplessness. h. This research article contributes significantly to the final theoretical analysis. The nature versus nurture debate has been studied for decades, with individuals leaning towards one or the other. In this case, the researchers thoroughly explain that the literature reviewed claims that both factors can contribute to learned helplessness. This could be a crucial detail that may be needed in the final analysis. i. Additional research should be conducted on the theory and child development. IV: Final Project Theory a. Marques, D. B., Ruggiero, R. N., Bueno-Junior, L. S., Rossignoli, M. T., & Leite, J. P. (2021). Prediction of learned resistance or helplessness by hippocampal-prefrontal cortical network activity during stress. The Journal of Neuroscience , 42 (1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0128-21.2021 b. DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0128-21.2021 c. This article is considered a primary resource because the authors use the experimental method to test and analyze previous theories. d. Researchers Marques et al. (2021) wanted to analyze the neuroscientific reasoning behind stressor controllability by examining the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HPC), both responsible for this action. In other words, would it be possible to predict learned helplessness based on how the brain controls stressors? In an ethically approved controlled environment, researchers used eleven male rats and manipulated controllable and uncontrollable stress. Using electrophysiological techniques, the results

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