Ap Biology Unit 12 Study Guide

Cells are a highly complex entity and is both structurally and functionally the basic unit of all living things. Cells are an important and vital part in order to sustain life. Cells are highly diverse and their specific roles are dependent on shape and internal composition. Cells are what carry out functions to promote life, including: reproduction, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. The cell has many components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, many organelles, and a plasma membrane. The nucleus contains all of the genetic material and genes, which are found in the DNA. The nucleus is the control center of the cell as it is key for cell reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded in a membrane called the nuclear envelope for protection and regulation of materials in and out of the nucleus. Cytoplasm is what all of the cell contents is referred to outside of the nucleus. This includes all the high specific metabolic machinery called organelles. A list of organelles include: Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and centrioles. Ribosomes are free floating spherical bodies of RNA and proteins which are the site for protein synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum is broken into two structures, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Rough ER provides area for storage and transport of proteins

The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the Nucleus, which is known as a Porous Membrane. This is covered in pores, which are tiny holes that allow the exchange of RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Proteins that are desired by the Nucleus are also able to move through these pores.

All the organelles have to work together. They all have a certain task to do and they carry that task on and on with every organelle. The cells have to make and transport protein to the nucleus to create RNA. The animal cells need protein for the growth and damage with tissues. First, is starts with chromosomes which contains information to make the protein. Since the DNA isn’t allowed to leave the nucleus its copied onto a temporary carrier called a messenger RNA. Next, the messenger RNA would transport to the cytosol. While in the cytosol and get help to transfer the protein to the ribosomes docked onto the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes has to use amino acids to build the protein. Lastly after the protein is built it goes through the endoplasmic reticulum to have a few last finishing touches.

There are internal compartments and features within the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. Membrane-enclosed organelles perform specific tasks within the cell. As noted earlier, enclosed in the nucleus is the DNA. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes and flattened sacs that is connected to the nuclear envelop. Also located within the eukaryotic cell is the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus has the appearance of flattened membrane sacs that are stacked together (Singh-Cundy, A., & Shin, G., 2015). In animal cells, lysosomes exist within the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a large vacuole exists. The mitochondria is pod-shaped, and located within the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are green pods which are also located within the

The nucleus conducts all the activities occurring in the cell and consists of hereditary substances that is constructed of proteins and DNA. The function of the nucleus is to allow materials to properly enter and exit among the several openings in the membrane. In addition, the nucleus encloses various instructions for everything and in which is found on long, threadlike, genetic components made of DNA.

The nucleus is the ‘brain’ of the cell. It is a large, round organelle and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope (a double membrane). The nuclear envelope allows the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm through its large, nuclear pores. The nucleus contains DNA therefore the information to regulate the metabolism and reproduction for the cell. It also contains a dark staining area called the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes.

Nucleus is just like our brain because it just works like the brain. It helps us to move eat or reproduce. Nucleus is in the center of the cell it also called the command center of the cell. we have over 200 different types of cells in our body. Some can be really thin and some are long, just like a nerve cell that runs all the way from our spinal cord to our foot. Some, like a fat cell, have a more rounded shape. No matter what cells look like, there is one important thing all cell have is a nucleus. This is a control center that is found inside all of your cells. A nucleus is responsible and act like the head master or supervisor what a cell looks like and what it does. There is a nuclear envelope closes the nucleus to keep it separate from other materials in the cell like DNA.

Endoplasmic reticulum - this organelle helps to transport materials through the cell. Rough reticulum is the site of attachment for ribosomes; smooth reticulum is the site of

To start out, the nucleolus make ribosome and then send them out to attach to the rough ER(endoplasmic reticulum). After it is at the ER it starts to create protein to send to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus make particles ready to be shipped across the body. At the smooth ER it has the same functions as the rough ER except it makes lipids instead of protein. Next the mitochondria is the cell power factory that transfers something not useful to the cell into energy. After that we check on the lysosome, it is the waste disposal of the cell and if necessary can kill the cell. Then we see the brains of the cell, the nucleus. The nucleus hold the genetic info and carries out functions in the cell. Next is the cytoskeleton, this is a support for the cell so it doesn't collapse on itself. After that is the cell membrane or the guards of the cell. The membrane can decide let things in or keep them out. Another thing that sorrounds a cell could be the cell wall. The cell wall is found only in plants and it protects the cell in a hard shell. Another organelle found only in plants is a chloroplast. A chloroplast converts energy from the sun into chemical energy. Then it is the centrioles, they are made of microtubules and organize the assembly of more microtubules. Surrounding all of these organelles is cytoplasm: a liquid that fills a cell. That is what happens within the various parts of the cells that permit it to perform the functions necessary for

In an animal cell, plasma membrane is the border surrounding the cell that allows the passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes (98). Cytoplasm is region between the cell membrane and the nucleus, and that is where we find various types of organelles of specific form and their tasks (98). The nucleus is an information center that contains most of the genetic information (DNA) and it controls the activities by creating messenger RNA (mRNA) so it can instruct protein synthesis (102). The nucleus’s outer layer is surrounded by nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane (inner and outer membrane (102). Furthermore, the nuclear envelope has pores that allow proteins, RNAs, etc. to enter or exit the nucleus (102). In other words, it is like a gate that controls passage area between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Moreover, within the nucleus there is another organelle called nucleolus where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized (102). Ribosomes are complexes that are made of rRNA and proteins inside of nucleolus (102-103). They help synthesize proteins, meaning that it helps create proteins in a cell. There are two types of ribosomes: free ribosomes and bound ribosomes. Most of the proteins are made by free ribosomes that functions within the cytoplasm (102). Whereas bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in order to make proteins that will go into the membrane, sent within certain organelles, or export of the cell (102-104). There are two types of

Many different types of organelles exist within the cells of the human body, (Biology, 2015). Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Vacuoles, The Nucleus, and many more can be found within the cell. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, or simply ‘Rough ER” is studded with protein builders known as ‘Ribosomes’ and is used within the human body to manufacture lysosomal enzymes and secreted proteins. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum or ‘Smooth ER’ is characterised by its lack of Ribosomes. Its uses within the body include lipid synthesis, calcium concentration and drug detoxification, (Biology, 2015). Mitochondria are commonly referred to as the cells powerhouse as they provide all the necessary energy in the form of ATP that the cells need to do their

In animal cells the general position of the nucleus is in the middle of the cell. Plant cells don 't have a certain shape however they do have a structure that resembles a rectangle shape, this is due to the rigid cell wall they have.(10)

Nucleolus: The Nucleolus is a small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell. The nucleolus is organizer of chromosomes which contain the genes.

Initially, let’s talk about the nucleus and the functions it carries out. The nucleus is an organelle within the cell; it is also referred to as the control center or the brain of the cell. The nucleus is arguably the most integral function within the cell. Within the nucleus, there are numerus structures which include, but are not limited to, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, and chromatin. First we have the nucleolus, the nucleolus sits in the middle of the nucleus; it produces ingredients which help produce ribosomes. Ribosomes generate proteins within the cells, and proteins are pertinent to the basic function of the cell. Second we have the nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane), this is a membrane that surrounds the nucleus. The envelope has an inner membrane and

Cells are surrounded with a boundary known as the cell surface membrane and as well as holding the cell together, being semi-permeable, it controls the movement of materials across it. Within the cell are a number of structures each which have specific functions. These structures are known as organelles. The cell surface membrane and the membranes of any of the membrane bound organelles described below are made of the same material, a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Within the cell surface membrane, the intracellular space known as the cytoplasm, contains all the organelles and a fluid known as cytosol. Within the cytosol is a network of microtubules and fibres called the cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton’s main functions are to give support to the cell helping to maintain its shape and aid the movement of organelles. Most cell organelles and structures are common to both animal and plant cells but there are some differences as outlined in the table below and as seen in fig. 1 and fig. 2.