Ap World History Chapter 3 Summary

In 1596- Abraham Ortelius took note that the coastlines of the continents seemed to be too fitting together. He initiated a theory that stated that the continents were probably joined at one point in time and were torn apart between Europe and Africa. In the year of 1912, Alfred Wegener stated that the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangea.

In chapter 6 of Earth's in his people's we begin to see the similarities between the first civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt in which around roughly the same time The Fairly large Indus Valley Civilization Rose during the same time period as the first civilizations. Liking other civilizations the Indus Valley Civilization had huge cities, with the two most famous ones being Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in which archaeologist show that the cities were very organized with their Construction and standardization of styles and shapes of the things they built such as houses churches statues and many other things. The Indus Valley people had like other countries developed many sophisticated Technologies and works of art and unique buildings however,

The second Intermediate Period was a time of great disunity in Egypt. There was no centralised rule with the country being broken up into independently administered regions. Hyksos sources are archaeological rather than written and are incomplete. Excavations at Tell el- Dab’a in the north-eastern Delta by Manfred Bietak (archaeologist), have identified this site as an ancient Avaris, the capital of a foreign people known as the Hyksos.

Me: What is the holy book of your faith and how does it compare to others?

As the classical period emerged, religion as well as other cultural influences had been some of the main aspects of much of how history was shaped during this time period. Many religions had sprung up during this time period such as Judaism, which was a monotheistic religion and had developed with the codification of the Hebrew scriptures. This religion reflected the cultures of different regions such as Mesopotamia. The Jewish states were conquered by the Babylonians, Assyrians, and the Romans during this time period as well. Another religion important to this time period is the Vedic religion Hinduism, which had originated in India. This religion was

Silk Roads - The Silk Roads were a network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce.

All empires sought to foster an imperial identity that transcended more local identities and loyalties.

The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three blocks of time referred to as kingdoms. The kingdoms were named as the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. This essay highlights the differences among the three kingdoms in terms of politics, economics, sculpture, and architecture.

Despite the ancient Egyptians' conservative nature and keeping to their core values, there were many changes within the infrastructure of their society during the middle kingdom. When Historians and scholars study the Old Kingdom, and the Middle Kingdom, One will notice that alterations to their religion, art, and architecture changed through both periods in history. Internal forces, as well as outside influences, shaped ancient Egyptian civilization. One would argue that the terms Old, middle and knew Kingdoms were of a hellenistic idea, instead of a Ancient Egyptian Ideology. The Old Kingdom founds its reign lasted from 2700- 2200 B.C. This time period consisted of the third through the sixth dynasty, beginning with Djoser and ending

Major Achievements: Responsible for the building of The Great Pyramid of Giza and establishing the position of pharaoh as the central authority.

a member of an ancient nomadic people from western Asia, probably of Semitic ancestry, who conquered and ruled Egypt between 1720 bc and 1560 bc

As well as controlling the surplus, the Pharaoh had the head duties of protecting it. The ancient Egyptians used many unique factors to help protect their civilization. Soldiers were used, much like in other ancient civilizations, to protect the Nile River, expand their land settlement area and support the rule of the Pharaoh. During the New Kingdom, Egyptian armies became a powerhouse and very active allowing for expansion. Ancient Egypt could be protected quite well due to environmental factors including the river and desert. The river being surround by 1000’s of miles of desert made it easier to predict where attacks may come from. The Nile itself was also be able to used thanks to its slow moving nature. This provided a great highway that promoted economic and political stability and uniformity (Lockard, 2011).

Upper and Lower Egypt were united for the first time under one ruler, however, this would come to an end around 2200 B.C.. In much of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Pharaoh was often depicted as almost larger than life, with great power and much of Egyptian art is a celebration of his accomplishments. The formation of a royal absolutism occurred during this period, with the Pharaoh and a small-centralized administration, composed mainly of royal kin and relatives, overseeing all aspects of Egyptian life. The Pharaoh was looked at as a living god among the Egyptian people, who assured the success of Egypt as well as its peace. "The Pharaoh belonged both to the world of the gods and the world of men, and he was seen as a bridge between them. Some of the local deities represented various aspects of nature, such as the earth and the sky, or the Nile and it's gifts of fertility. So the king, living in their midst, could bring the Egyptians into a harmonious relationship with their divinities and with the forces of nature upon which their whole existence depended" (Hawkes 43).

Egypt was a place of the oldest civilizations (4000 BC) that even Alexander 's command, the Great (322 BC), is ruled by dynasties. In the following centuries, the Nile people are dominated by Roman (first century BC), Byzantine (fourth century), Arabs (seventh century) - which impose Islam - and Turkish-Ottoman (XVI century).

Egypt would not have been able to be a civilization for thousands of years without strong and steady leadership. The Pharaohs established themselves as Gods on Earth and becoming the highest ranking religious official in all of Egypt (Mark). Even with this power, the Pharaohs were responsible for protecting the borders of their land and in attacking neighboring countries for resources when they were needed. They never stretched their power farther than they could manage,