I. War between Britain and the United States (US) was inevitable.
A. The British had stopped US trade with France by blockading ships.
B. The British searched US ships for British deserters.
C. Americans wanted to expand north, across the Great Lakes, and west. They thought Canadians wanted to live under the American flag.
D. John Jay travelled from Washington, D.C. to Britain to be a mediator.
1. He set out Jay’s Treaty and it was signed in 1794.
a. The British agreed to live up to the Peace of Paris Treaty by removing troops from the US in two years.
b. The Great Lakes would be open to ships from both nations.
c. There would be free movement of goods across the border.
2. This treaty kept the peace for eighteen years.
E. The War Hawks
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The Maritime Provinces were safe from American attack for two reasons:
1. The British Royal navy’s power.
2. The Upper Thirteen Colonies did not want to go to war. New England was bitterly opposed to “Pres. Madison’s War.”
B. Lower Canada was safe because:
1. French Canadians had no intention of helping the US.
2. The French fought along side the British.
III. The General for the British troops was General Isaac Brock. He wanted a quick victory.
A. He knew odds favoured the US because the population in the US was ten times larger than BNA.
B. He said Great Britain is fighting for the survival in Europe so they will not send any more troops to help in BNA.
IV. The Battle of Fort Detroit
A. After capturing Fort Mackinac on Michilimackinac Island in Lake Huron in July of 1812, General Brock got the Natives around the Great Lakes and their leader Tecumseh to fight for the British.
B. They sailed to Fort Detroit and demanded that the American General Hull surrender.
C. Tecumseh made his small force look bigger by lighting large numbers of fires and lining troops in strategic formations.
D. General Hull quickly surrendered with no gunfire after Brock fooled him. The British gained 39 cannons and 2,500 muskets along with a stronghold in the Northwest
During the Battle, both sides used different tactics and strategies. Burgoyne decided to go with a risky strategy of dividing his army into three columns, two towards Bemis Heights and one to follow the road that paralleled the Hudson. The American forces (led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold) placed expert riflemen (led by Daniel Morgan) in charge of taking out the left flank of the British (led by Simon Frasier). This strategy worked well for the Americans, of course until they ran out of ammunition.
The British and Canadians had captured the American fort at Michilimackinac that had controlled the Great Lakes and the Indian area in the south and west, which was commanded by Isaac Brock
The English send General Edward Braddock with Colonel Washington to capture the Fort Duquesne. The British troops marched toward the fort in a straight line. The French troops and their native allies fired at them from behind rocks and trees. The British lost. Braddock died in the battle.
When the war broke out in June of 1812, the American forces began preparing for the invasion of Canada but things did not go well at the outset. That is, by August, Brigadier General William Hull was forced to surrender Detroit to British Major General Isaac Brock (Hickman,
They were convincingly successful in the battles of the Great Lakes. Early on, they took control of Lake Ontario which posed the opportunity to invade and destroy York, the capital of Canada. As a result, America was able to also take control of Lake Erie with the help of a young man by the name of Oliver Hazard Perry. On September 10, 1813, Oliver disseminated a British fleet at Put-in Bay, which was the motivating force in gaining control of Lake Erie. Later in the year of 1813, Tecumseh, a general in the British army was killed by forces that attacked via the Thames River. This particular incident later became known as The Battle of the
Westerns started to rapidly point fingers at the British, which began the War of 1812. Blaming the attacks made by Tecumseh, who is a military leader for the Shawnee Indian tribe. This is only one of many reasons to begin the war because at the time of the war, president Madison asked congress to declare this war against Britain with all good intentions. These two had many difficulties with neutral shipping rights and the British also supported the Western Indians, which was frowned upon. “War Hawks” and “Jeffersonian Republicans” played a huge role in the start of this war as well, along with the British supporting the Western Indians which was looked at like an interference.
Once war was declared, the United States set its sights on the nearest British colony, Canada, with hefty optimism of victory. The Canadians were well prepared and the Americans were not, and the American defeat was humiliating. The American attackers were forced to retrograde back south and eventually were overtaken by the Canadians at Detroit without a single shot being fired. In the Battle of Thames, Detroit was successfully retaken and Tecumseh was killed. At first the Americans were winning the battles against Britain at sea, but in April 1814, Napoleon was defeated and Great Britain was able to turn her full attention on the United States. On the 24th of August 1814, British forces were able to raid the Chesapeake Bay and capture Washington, D.C. British troops then moved to take Baltimore and failed. The British Navy bombarded Baltimore with canon fire for over 24 hours but it was to no prevail. By this time Britain had already begun talks of an armistice with the United States at Ghent. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on the 24th of December 1814, and included no territorial border changes and no Indian
The Americans were divided on the war, In “The War of 1812 Overview,” it is stated that ”The West (now the upper Midwest) hoped war with Britain would further its expansionist goals. [...] Southerners focused their own expansion
(Laxer, 2012, p.145) Hull’s fear of the Native warriors that were working with the British Army was the key factor that led to his surrender of Fort Detroit. If Hull did not fall for the bluff, Brock would have to defeat them in a normal fight. Thankfully for Brock, Hull was terrified of the natives and gave up the Fort without any conflict needed. Brock’s capture of Fort Detroit would not have been possible without the involvement of Tecumseh’s band of warriors, which was available to him because of his friendship with Tecumseh.
- British troops win at Battle of Camden, but soon the tables are turn by a valiant American effort at the Battle of King’s Mountain.
In August 1812, Isaac Hull captain of the USS Constitution battled British ship HMS Guerriere. US won this battle! While the US did win many battles at sea, this did little to help win the war.
One British statesman, Charles James Fox (1749-1806), said of this result: “Another such victory would ruin the British army.”
On August 16, 1780, two armies would come to meet in an open field north of Camden. Camden, a small town in South Carolina, was in an enticing position for both American and British forces. The American forces, led by Major General Horatio Gates, sought to capture Camden to prove to American colonialists that the South was not lost to British occupation. The British forces, led by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, aimed to maintain control of Camden due to it being essential for the success of Britain’s “southern strategy”. The two generals knew that Camden was crucial for their strategies and that there was no room for error. Although both generals were formidable it was Cornwallis’ well timed and decisive judgements that proved his superiority
2.) In my opinion the point where the U.S action were no longer neutral was when the U.S helped and sent defense for the allied force because that’s when and what made us no longer neutral.
B. The quote is cited from Our Common Future, which is also widely known as the Brundtland Report.