Archaea and Eubacteria Essay

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a

In the 1990s, further research in comparative genomics of bacteria and archea showed that in prokaryotic genomes, a majority of genes were acquired

4. Compare and contrast the structure of a fungal mycelium with the structure of a filamentous alga.

Ribosomes then started copy themselves into cell-like structure with a thin membrane and cytoplasm. Eventually, cells starting storing DNA. Lateral transfer diversified the cells genetic makeup. From this community of cells came the three domains, known as bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea. Bacteria and archaea are together called

“While motility is commonplace among the prokaryotes, it is important to note the variety of structures responsible for motility. These structures vary depending not only on the organism in question, but also on the particular environment” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Study of the bacterial flagellum has provided insights into many aspects of prokaryotic cellular activities including genetics and regulation, physiology, environmental sensing, protein secretion and assembly of complex structures” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “Continued study of all prokaryotic motility structures will provide knowledge that is likely to reach far beyond the topic of motility and pathogenicity” (Bardy, Ng,

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, which are mostly single-celled incomplex microorganisms. Both Bacteria and Archaea have a variety of prokaryotes classified in multiple kingdoms (Reece, et al., Campbell Biology, 2014). There are a number of scientists who believe that Archaea cells may be the precursor to Eukaryotic cells and that they have more in common with Eukaryotes than Prokaryotes (Madigan, Martinko, & Dunlap, 2009).

Domain archaea- Along with bacteria the domain archaea is a prokaryote cell meaning it consists of one single cell. However archaeal organisms can be found in areas where the earth 's most intense natural resources are present. Areas including Yellowstone National park where there are many geysers along with places including Hawaii.

Bacteria have several different types of pili, known and classified based on their structure and assembly. Similarly, archaea have different appendages that

Not too long ago, brilliant scientific pioneer, microbiologist and biophysicist Carl Woese presented his groundbreaking find that would revolutionize the scientific world. He and his partners discovered the kingdom consisting of single-celled organisms, which is today referred to Archaea. Thanks to Woese’s discovery, we now classify living organisms in three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Before Woese’s breakthrough, we did not realize how common and important Archaea actually are. Woese specialized in working with ribosomal DNA, which is how he uncovered Archaea. Eugene V. Koonin expresses deep admiration and praise towards Woese in his article. However, Koonin repeatedly judges Woese’s analysis on the evolution of cells as inexact and too general for legitimacy.

Archaea is a group of single celled prokaryotic organism where they have lack of defined nucleus, it have the distinctive molecular characteristics that separating them from bacteria that are categorize more prominent group of prokaryotes as well as Eukaryotes that have defined nucleus and can be found in plants and animals. Archaea itself is derived from the Greek word Archaios, meaning “Ancient” or “Primitive” that’s why archaea exhibit characteristic worthy of it name. Member of archaea include: Pyrolobus fumarii, which can live in the high temperature environment up to 113 °C (235 °F) and they can be found living in hydrothermal vents. Species of Picophilus, that can be isolated from acidic soil and they are well

The main purpose of the paper is to explore how bacterial cells, specifically Helicobacter pylori get their helical shape and what function the shape has. Helicobacter pylori is an interesting specimen to study because while some information is known on shape formation of bacterial cells (Bacillius, Coccus, Vibrio), little to no information is known of the factors that produce Helicobacter pylori’s shape. In reality, when Helicobacter pylori forms it must elongate itself, have curvature and twist itself in a specific manor to gain it’s final shape. This sort of morphological change isn’t set in same way as a bacilli elongates, or a vibrio curves, because previous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori lacks some of the genes, or the genes

3. Tortora GJ. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. In: Microbiology an Introduction. 9th ed. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc; 2007: 77-113.

Recently life was broken into two different domains: the Eukaryotes and the Prokaryotes, but as time has worn on scientists have discovered a tremendous amount of variation in the Prokaryotic group (UCMP, 2015). This variation has led to the bisection of the Prokaryotic domain into two smaller domains: the Archaea and Bacteria (UCMP, 2015). What are the defining characteristics of these two domains you ask? In the late 70s a scientist by the name Carl Woese and his counterparts were studying Prokaryotic similarities by looking at their DNA sequences when they found two distinctly different groups (UCMP, 2015). The bacteria that lived in

They have different ribosomal RNAs. Archaea works with three RNA polymerases just like other eukaryotes. In contrast the bacteria only possess one. Also the archaea have cell walls which in effect do lack peptidoglycan including membranes enclosing lipids with hydrocarbons rather than fatty acids. The lipids within the archaea are unique and have an ether linkage with glycerol backbones while the bacterium has an ester linkage. In total archaea is more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria making it a more sophisticated microorganism. Nevertheless they differ greatly in their genetic and biochemical ways. Archaea is and will always be considered a distinct domain of life. They thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions. When trying to act upon an archaea or bacteria with the use of antibiotics we can witness that both organisms will react