Ten years after the Cultural Revolution, the national policy produced an estimated 1 million barefoot doctors in China. Heath outcomes such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy improved intensely. For example, the infant mortality rate dropped from 265 to 67 per 1000 live births and life expectancy more than doubled, from 31 years to 67 years from 1950 to 1982 (10). Despite working with limited resources and technology, the “Barefoot Doctors” program addressed the issue of inadequate manpower, improved the health of China’s population at a low cost and in a short amount of time, and provided timely treatment to the people living in rural areas (8). The three-tier health network was made possible by the CMS and not only played a major role in improving health outcomes in China, but also solved the problem of unequal distribution of health care resources between the urban and rural areas (10). Additionally, since the barefoot doctors were local people who had ties to the community and to the patients, their modest compensation allowed the community to not only train them and but gave the patients easy accessibility to their services and avoided unnecessary expensive hospital care (12). …show more content…
In 1975 an estimated 84.6% of the rural Chinese population was covered by the system but by 1985, only 39.9% was covered (14). The decline of the CMS resulted in several consequences for both health care providers and patients in rural China (10). For example, many barefoot doctors had difficulty to upgrading their skills since their training was previously financed by the CMS, which can affect the quality care that patients received. Additionally, without the CMS, the medical expenses became the responsibility of the patients and the high cost of hospitalization and treatment
The healthcare system in each country is intended to meet the best possible medical services needs of its citizens. One country’s healthcare system can vary from another. This is according to their administration strategy, training, education, technology, and spending plan. Social, economic, political, and physical parts of the nation also play huge role in defining a country’s healthcare system. There are many similarities in the delivery of medical services between United States and Nepal. For the middle class people, affording a good healthcare system is still an unresolved issue of these two countries. The issue of financing the system of healthcare has been the biggest challenge to the government of Nepal, and it is similar to the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the United States. Although Nepal and the United States have similarities in healthcare system, they also equally share significant differences in providers, spending and the medical professionals. Some people consider that the healthcare system in the U.S. is superior.
In the preindustrial era, 1800s, the United States fell behind other countries in health services. There was no medical training until around 1870 (Shi & Singh, 2013). Medical training began with students training under the supervision of physicians. Physicians saw patients by making house calls. Health care was delivered in a free market (Shi & Singh, 2013). No one had insurance so costs were out of pocket. For most Americans, this was a problem and some rural areas relied on folk medicine to heal the sick. The medical institutions during this era were not sanitized properly and nurses were not trained to practice safety and hygiene care. The government provided facilities for elderly, chronically ill patients, and clinics that offered free care.
According to World health organization (WHO), a state of social, mental and physical well-being and the absence of disease is defined as a health (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016a). The main aim of healthcare system is to provide health services to the people including permanent residents, tourists, temporary, citizens and students. The primary purpose of a healthcare system is to promote, maintain and re-establish health. The Healthcare system of a country includes emergency care, diagnosis of diseases, health advancement and maintenance, treatment of chronic and acute term diseases ( Health Education and Training Institute, n.d). In the past, doctors were not well trained and paid and the access to GP’s was not affordable
The delivery of the U.S. healthcare system has changed drastically over the years from the inception of organized healthcare to today’s underdeveloped system. Prior to the 1920’s,
A Health care system of any country is an important consideration for the purposes of the overall development. One of the most important and essential feature of the human body is the health and the systems. In the same manner, proper management is also necessary. Furthermore, all the countries of the world have few targets and achievements to be made. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, economic development and social welfare the two most are the two important factors. Economic welfare is connected with the increase in the wealth of the people at large (Niles, 2011).
In Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account, Mackie (1996) examines the practices of female foot binding in China, and infibulation in Africa. Specifically, the paper considers the conditions which brought these practices about, how foot binding came to an end, and why infibulation still persists. Mackie offers his 'convention account' and asserts that such practices are self-enforcing conventions which are perpetuated by interdependent expectations on the marriage market (Mackie 1996: 999). In doing so, Mackie primarily applies a rational choice paradigm in his examination, while also utilising structural functionalist and hermeneutic paradigms. Ultimately, I will posit that this synthesis of paradigms provides an effective
Healthcare access and delivery in rural area has been challenging not only within the U.S., but also in many developed countries. Many issues seem to be common to this maldistribution of physicians and other HCPs. According to Weinhold and Gurtner1, ” [c]ommunities have become progressively disempowered by the continuous centralization of services and the dismantling of infrastructure.” Rural populations tend to be at
Looking back at our former healthcare system, we see that it was far from flawless, some say it is due to the government, while others claim the health insurance and the healthcare system in general is to blame. So it 's no wonder that the healthcare system is constantly fluctuating. These fluctuations have let us to a system that was very flawed and in dire need of rectification. Furthermore, the health insurance market wasn’t readily accessible to the middle and lower class, due to high costs, bizarre prerequisites, and complicated terminology.
In the latest survey, Americans rated the health system excellent with 6%as excellent, 27% believed the system is good, 39% graded as fair and 29% gave as poor. It is hypothesized that Americans have been misinformed by the fact that we can pay for top medical research, some of the most progressive technology in the world and the most current training and techniques for our clinicians. All these might unsighted the average American to the matters that are implanted in the health care System. No other advanced country is so displeased with their own healthcare system. Even if more is expended each year on healthcare, discontent steadily grows. Providers are more typically disappointed with the growing population that is being met which a lack of physicians and facilities which puts much more stress on them in the future. Rule makers are dissatisfied with the confrontation being met with citizens when frustrated with government overreach. Even though, rule makers are still persistent for health care modification to address noticeable systemic issues. Inclusive, there is a general disappointment with the American health care system.
Healthcare industry in United States has been an important industry for a long time. It is one such industry that has representation from both public sector and private sector. The current health care system is segregated and fragmented in America. Some states have very effective and efficient healthcare system while some states lack the desired infrastructure. The evolution of healthcare system in USA can be traced back to 1750. The period from 1750 to 1849 is termed as preindustrial period where the care of sick people was primarily handled by families (Brian, 2010). The period of 1850 to 1969 is termed as postindustrial period which reflects the growth of organized medicine and systematic healthcare delivery.
During that time, Chinese doctors were employees of the state. In rural areas, the caretaker of the health care system was the commune, which was the central institution in rural life. Communes managed all aspects of agricultural life, from planting to harvesting. It also supplied social services, including health care, which was provided through the Cooperative Medical System. The Cooperative Medical System operated village and township health centers that were staffed mostly by medical providers who had only basic health care training — the “barefoot doctors”, who received much publicity in America and Europe for their effectiveness in meeting rural healthcare needs. Although the standards of care were minimal (village doctors usually had
In China they have about 1.3 billion people, making up a little more than 20% of the world’s population. It’s no surprise that with that many people in one country that the culture there would hold many different beliefs and traditions. Chinese are known for many things and their health care practices are one of them. They use different medicines to treat the ill, have different techniques to insure that women have a good pregnancy and a healthy baby as well as old family traditions from how a family is ran to what they do when someone passes away. A lot of these traditions can compare to other cultures where many are also so different it takes some understanding to get used to them.
The healthcare system in China has made considerable advancements in recent years to make health treatment accessible. In 2009, China launched an ambitious healthcare reform plan to provide health insurance coverage for nearly 95 percent of its citizens. The reform also included efforts to reduce out-of-pocket expenses for citizens. However, despite these changes, China’s progress is hindered by inefficiency and corruption. For a large developing country, and one that has the world’s largest population, it is imperative for China to improve its healthcare. The intent of this paper is to gain an understanding of China’s healthcare system by reviewing its development from the beginning of the Communist party takeover in 1949 to the present, and the differences in healthcare between rural and urban regions of mainland China.
The sustainability of an average family in Nigeria is valued at less than 5 dollars a day. Notwithstanding the government’s preposition on the establishment of a health care system that is promotive, protective, preventive, restorative and rehabilitative to every citizen of the country within the available resources so that individuals and communities are assured of productivity, social well-being and enjoyment of living (F.M.H. 1988), the system, as is currently practiced is very inadequate in comparison to the Nigerian growing population and slow-paced economic development. According to the health manpower statistics, the ratio of the registered medical doctors as against the population’s need is put at 1:1,100 with modern medical facilities being administered in mega cities and little or none made available at the rural areas. As a result of lack of supervision or adequate provision for the essential needs of medical practitioners, doctors often times are faced with the conscientious decision to commute to the rural areas to administer Medicare on out-of-pocket expenses, which after a while becomes impossible to carry on. Thus the people in the rural area are left in the care of the traditional healer, who eventually cure their diseases with less charges than the bio-medical practice thereby saving the patients some money. The news of the efficacy of the traditional medical administration soon spreads to the urban cities and an
One important aspect of Chinese culture is Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as TCM. Chinese medicine has been around for quite awhile, and is still around today. In the United States, we see it as acupuncture and massage. TCM is still widely popular in its home country where it is still practiced as it was a few centuries ago. Chinese medicine is evolving to our modern day times, but it is keeping close ties to its roots. Chinese medicine is also becoming more affluent in different parts of the globe. It is a major part of Chinese history and culture, and the people who participate in it do so with great respect. With Chinese medicine, there is great history, procedures, risks, and how it lives in the modern world.