Biology Chapter 35 and 39 Notes

This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use

The hypothesis behind this experiment is that the Gibberellic acid has a positive growth effect on the plant and causes it grow larger in height.

Asexual Propagation is the process of using plant materials such as the stems, leaves, and roots to multiply the number of plants. These plants eventually grow to be a brand new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant it came from. In several types of plants, asexual propagation is the fastest means of new plant growth. Asexual propagation is also a good way to maintain a plant species because they are genetically identical. In this process, adventitious roots are seen in the growing cycle. Adventitious roots are those that grow form parts of the plant that they normally would not grow from. The cuttings must do

|(2 marks) | |c. |State two symptoms that may have led the veterinarian to suspect that George was suffering from a thyroid hormone |

3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically

might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,

15. Which three classes of lymphocytes are the primary cells of the lymphoid system? What are the functions of each class?

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCs) is a highly lethal but relatively rare neoplasm of the digestive tract. Most of GBCs are adenocarcinoma (AC), and squamous carcinoma (SC) or adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is a rare histopathologic subtype, which accounts for an estimated 1.4 - 10.6% of all GBCs cases [1]. However, the clinicopathologic characteristic and biological feature in SC and ASC of the gallbladder have not yet been fully clarified, due to their lower disease incidence. The previous studies indicated that their tumorigenesis might be induced by the gallbladder mucosa squamous metaplasia, or the pluripotent basal cells from mucous membrane of gallbladder, which may be associated with chronic inflammation of gallstones [2-4]. In addition, other investigation found that SC/ASC of the gallbladder might be result in some carcinogens, including bile anthracene and methyl anthracene, from long-term bacteria or chemical reactions [5]. Moreover, the histologic morphology of SC/ASC is differed from AC, including grater proliferation capacity, high-grade malignancy, and the aggressive invasion of surrounding organs, and less metastasis in regional lymph node and distant organs [6]. Notably, there is no detectable symptom in the

20) During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form? A) anaphase B) prophase C) telophase

Cytokinins move up the plant through the xylem. Whereas, auxins move down the plant. Cytokinins works with Auxin to control cell differentiation. The many functions of cytokinins include stimulation of germination, promote cell division, and plant growth. This hormone helps result in plant growth because they are able to release buds from apical dominance. Essentially, if a plant contains more cytokinins that means more mitosis is occurring and if more mitosis is occurring that means more cells are being produced and if more cells are being produced that means the plants

Additionally, the 0 ppm group grew normally, the 500 ppm group had slightly stunted axillary bud growth, and the 5000 ppm group had little to no axillary bud growth. Therefore, my hypothesis was validated and supported by the data collected.

7. Salts, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed which reduces the water potential in the cells and increases the water potential in the tubule fluid.

herbicides used to protect the crops against weeds. When engineered this way, an extra 383

Biology HigHer level PaPer 1 Tuesday 2 November 2010 (afternoon) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Patterson's Curse was the most dominant weed in the experiment. Out of the 50 seeds that were watered by Patterson’s Curse tea only 8 of the seeds reached germination. This is because of the strong allelochemicals that are released by the weed that take over the plant.