Brain Atrophy Essay

Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an autoimmune process that develops when a previous viral insult to the nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and activated T cells, along with proinflammatory cytokines, cause inflammation, oligodendrocyte injury and demyelination. Early inflammation and demyelination lead to irreversible axonal

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The disease destroys the myelin, which is the insulation that protects the nerve fibers in the spinal cord, and brain (Niino, 2008). When the myelin is damaged, the message that is traveling along that nerve may be slowed or blocked. Symptoms vary by patient, but often include: numbness or weakness in limbs, partial or complete loss of vision, lack of coordination or unsteady gait, slurred speech, fatigue, dizziness, and problems with bowel and bladder functions.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) (Definition of MS). This disease is estimated to affect more than 400,000 people in the United States alone, and about 2.5 million worldwide. In the United States, about 200 new cases of MS are discovered weekly (Pietrangelo, Anne and Higuera, Valencia) . In a healthy person, an insulation covering called myelin, coats the nerve fibers in the CNS (Article from mom). When one develops MS, the communication between their brain and other parts of his/her body is disrupted as “an abnormal immune-mediated response” attacks the myelin coating that encloses nerve fibers in the CNS. This causes a disturbance in communication between the CNS and

There are many debilitating side effects and symptoms that accompany Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system essentially fights itself and attacks its own body’s cells, causing progressive damage in the brain and spinal chord. Some key symptoms and side effects of the disease are vision problems, muscle weakness, and trouble walking or speaking. However, this is not it, There are many more side effects and symptoms that very between individuals. Some of the symptoms that haven't thoroughly been researched are the changes that occur in the brain of an MS patient, especially a pediatric MS patient. There are several existing hypothesis about Multiple Sclerosis’ debilitating effects in the brain, but no concrete research done on the

MS is characterized by the destruction of myelin, inflammation in the CNS and the formation of lesions in the CNS.

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage in the brain and spinal cord with a loss of myelin that covers the axons. As the myelin sheath regenerates, scar tissue forms, which looks like plaques on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Multiple sclerosis arises when immune-mediated inflammation activates T cells and causes the T cells and immune mediators to cross the blood-brain barriers into the CNS and attack oligodendrocytes (ie, a type of neuroglial cell with dendritic projections that coil around axons of neural cells). When the oligodendrocytes are attacked, the myelin sheath is replaced by scar tissue, which forms throughout the CNS. As a result of damage to the myelin sheath, the ability to transmit and conduct nerve impulses along the spinal cord and in the brain is interrupted, leading to muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of coordination, balance impairment, and cognitive and visual disturbance (DeLuca & Nocentini, 2011). This disease is characterized by unpredictable remissions that occur over several years. During periods of remission, the myelin sheath usually regenerates and symptoms may resolve, but the myelin cannot be completely repaired. As the disease progresses, the myelin sheath is destroyed and nerve impulses become much slower or absent and symptoms worsen. When degeneration exceeds self-repair ability, permanent disability results. There are four defined clinical types of

Multiple Sclerosis, commonly referred to as MS, is an unpredictable disorder of the central nervous system, or CNS, and it is a chronic inflammatory disorder. MS is a disease that involves the immune system attacking the CNS. They myelin that covers and protects the nerve fibers is damaged, as well as the nerve fibers themselves. They myelin that is damaged forms scar tissue know as sclerosis. This is where the name of the disease came from. When the nerve fibers or myelin is damaged, the nerve fibers that travel to and from the spinal cord are distorted or interrupted this is why there is a variety of symptoms that can occur. Multiple Sclerosis affects rather young individuals, as young as twenty. It is most common in adults in their twenties

Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple Sclerosis"or "many scars" (3). The demyelination found in MS is thought to be caused by an autoimmune process, in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissue (4). Other diseases thought to have an autoimmune basis are

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord, particularly the central nervous system (CNS). In MS the immune system attacks the myelin, which is the protective sheath that covers the nerve fibers and causes communication between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause the nerves to deteriorate or even lead to permanent damage. They deteriorate in variable degrees and produce significant disability within 20-25 years in more than 30% of patients, (Luzzio, 2016). The majority of people diagnosed with MS are adults between the ages of 20 and 45; twice as many women are affected compared to men. However, MS can present itself in childhood or late middle age, but is uncommon. According to Goldenberg (2012), there is no known cause for this debilitating disease, but it appears to involve a combination of genetic susceptibility and a nongenetic trigger, such as a virus, metabolism, or environmental factors

Sadly, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis and no way to completely restore the normal function of the nervous system. Specialists focus on trying to manage relapses in patients with relapsing forms of MS. During remissions, after relapses, the body works to repair areas that have been damaged. Negative feedback works to restore homeostasis in the CNS by releasing oligodendrocytes to start repairing demyelinated axons. Despite hard work by the CNS to restore complete myelination there are still some parts of the axon that remain unlyelinaated. These parts of the axon produce more sodium channels that open during action potentials to allow more sodium ions to flow in and play a crucial role in nerve transmission. When there are more sodium channels it allows MS patients to have remission from a

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disorder of the central nervous system: that consist of the brain and spinal cord. MS is known as an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is the cover that protects the nerve cells. When the myelin is damaged, messages between the brain and the whole body get disrupt. MS is more probable to affect people between the ages of 20 to 40 years. The effects of the disease vary for everybody who suffers from it. Depending on this the disease may progress rapidly or slowly. MS has four different categories of progressing. Unfortunately, MS is an incurable disease, but treatments such as medication and physical therapy can help comfort and regulate the symptoms. In this essay, I will talk about the progression of the four types of MS and the stages of diagnosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-meditated process in which an abnormal response of the body’s immune system is directed against the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. MS causes the immune system to attack the myelin and nerve fibers in the central nervous system. Myelin is the fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the nerve fibers in the brain. The damaged myelin forms scar tissue called sclerosis, which is how the disease got its name. When any part of the myelin sheath or nerve fiber is damaged or destroyed, nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord are distorted and interrupted, producing a wide variety of symptoms, such as limited mobility, uncontrollable emotions and extreme fatigue. Symptoms are different in every case of MS therefore it can be hard to diagnose. MS is a disease that effects financial, social, and personal lives.

Multiple sclerosis can affect people of all ages and cultures and is one of the most common diseases of the nervous system, although it more commonly affects middle aged white women. During the late 1800’s, research from Dr. Walter Moxon and Dr. Edward Seguin concluded that MS produces numerous neurological symptoms, it is not inherited, and the disease, at the time, was resistant to all treatment (1). After the development of new chemicals that allowed cells to be more clearly seen under a

An interesting aspect discussed in this part is, how neuroinflammation involves CNS diseases and neuronal disorders. Different cells and mediators play major roles in the neuroinflammatory process and complex events at various steps. At first, pathogens that attack or injure neural tissue cause activation in molecular pathways resulting in the release of ATP, heat-shock protein, amyloid-β, oxidized lipids, histones and box-1 proteins. Then TLRs become active, and recruit microglial cells, which contain 10 percent of the brain cells, and starts different cascades. Also, in this process astrocyte activation inhibits penetration of T-cells into CNS by inducing apoptosis (Jacobs and Tavitian, 2012).

What would you do if you had brain disease? The brain is the most important part of the human body. Without it, you would not be able to think, and more importantly, you would be dead. Two serious brain diseases are brain tumors and Alzheimer’s disease. A brain tumor is a massive growth of abnormal cells in the brain. There are many types of brain tumors. Some may be benign, which is noncancerous, or they may be malignant, which is cancerous (Brain Tumor). Alzheimer's disease is an unstoppable brain disease that gradually damages one's memory and thinking. Eventually, the ability to do simple tasks everyday even becomes destroyed. For most people, Alzheimer's disease show after the age of 60. This is known as late onset AD. Early onset is