Breast Cancer Staging “Breast cancer is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union for Cancer Control classification system for tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM)” (Esserman, 2013). The first part of the tumor staging system, as seen in Table 2, assesses that of the primary tumor itself by means of clinical breast exam and imaging studies and is represented by the letter “T” on the staging table. Mammogram is an essential part of assessing the primary tumor, however other modalities previously discussed including ultrasound and MRI is often essential (Esserman, 2013). Evaluating lymph nodes surrounding the breast is a crucial component of staging and is thought to be one of the most important aspects in relation to prognosis. The letter “N” on the staging table represents this component. It is also of utmost importance to evaluate the nodes by radiologic means because physical examination alone is indeterminate of metastasis. The last component is metastasis, represented by an “M” on the staging table. Often, many patients with breast cancer are diagnosed with the cancer confined to the breast and without node involvement. In that case, those patients are not often evaluated or staged for the presence of metastatic disease. However, those that do present with signs and symptoms of metastatic disease or with locally advanced cancer (T3 or greater, N2 or N3, M0) are evaluated for this component (Esserman, 2013).
Adjuvant
of a higher grade and most of them show a signature ofbasaloid gene expression (Mayer et al., 2014).
Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.
The phase of cancer at the point of diagnosis varies for different cancers. Therefore, staging is performed by means of various methods such as MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), CT (Computed tomography), X-rays, blood tests and special surgery. The three main reasons why staging of cancer is performed are: it determines the depth of the disease, helps determine the treatment by the phase of the cancer and helps determine the patient's projection of treatment and survival.
The N category describes whether or not the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes.
Lung Cancer Staging is a way of describing a cancer, such as the size of the tumor and where it has spread. Staging is the most important tool doctors have to determine a
Mammograms are breast cancer screenings and are of great importance since they detect if indeed a malignant tumor is present and if so what stage it is in (Stephan, 2010). Cancers can be detected at stages I, II, or IIA (Haas et al., 2008).
The baseline cohort was retrieved from the SEER9 database and consisted of females diagnosed with breast cancer as a first primary cancer identified by diagnosis codes from the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology
The importance?s of staging cancer is to assist the doctor with planning appropriate treatments to fight the cancer and also helps determine is treatment is a necessary option for patients. ?Unfortunately cancer is an assembly of illnesses that can result in virtually any sign or symptom. However the signs and symptoms associated with cancer are dependent upon where the cancer is located, how big the cancer is, and how much of the cancer affects the organs and tissues that the cancer is found in. If a cancer has metastasized (spread) to other regions of the body the signs or symptoms will possibly appear their as well? (cancer.org).
Assessing metastatic involvement of the lymph nodes in breast cancer patients is important in planning surgical and adjuvant therapies. A trend toward breast-conserving therapies with the goal of improving quality of life for breast cancer patients has driven the need to accurately assess lymph nodal staging. The concept of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a valuable tool in evaluating metastatic spread of primary breast tumors (Maaskant-Braat et al.,2012; Noushi et al., 2013). Tokin et al. (2012) describe how the process of tumor spread via the lymphatics occurs to the first draining lymph node, then to subsequent nodes within the same basin and beyond. Breast lymphoscintigraphy has emerged as a useful means of identifying the SLN, although many patient factors, choice of radiopharmaceutical, injection technique, and imaging protocol may affect the successful outcome. The ideal exam protocol would combine speed, accuracy, and sensitivity to identifying the SLN with the least amount of burden to the patient and resources involved (Povoski et al., 2006; Sadeghi et al., 2009; Tokin et al., 2012).
Pathologic staging is likely to be more accurate that clinical (American cancer society, 2015). Pathologic staging is
Diagnosis of cancer is not only the most important aspect in the overall management of the cancer patient, but it is also a very comprehensive and challenging task. It has been established beyond doubt that earlier the commencement of the treatment, better is the outcome; this is true for all diseases and more so for cancer. Research and studies have validated that the probability of survival for a time period of five years in a patient of breast cancer stage I is 90%–95%. However, this probability in case of patients in Sstage IV is found to be a mere 15%. This indicates not only the huge difference in the survival of patients according to their different stages of the disease, but also lays emphasis on the need for an early
Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.
determine if and how many lymph nodes have been invaded. Lastly, M stands for metastasized
Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)
There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The