Cbt Model

In another study by Habby, Connelly, Corry & Vos (2005) they looked at a range of disorders including: GED (generalized anxiety disorder), panic disorder and depression in order to investigate which factors other than diagnosis would influence the effectiveness of CBT. They used the technique of meta-analysis to determine an overall effect size and meta-regression to determine the factors that impact on this effect size. Including randomized controlled trials, pill placebo or

A couple of researchers at the Anxiety Disorders Research Center in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) examined weaknesses of CBT (Craske et al., 2014). Although CBT has been known for the most effective treatment for social phobia, not all patients show improvements after the treatment. Patients easily drop out during, or at the early stage of the treatment. Even patients who successfully finished the entire session tend to have a hard time continuing to use methods they learned and to maintain low level of anxiety, so the likelihood of reoccurrence exists. Therefore, alternative ways to solve these weaknesses are needed in order to develop the treatment itself and to provide the most matchable treatment method for each patient, according to the article by Craske et al. (2014).

Because psychotherapist uniqueness can affect outcome, it is crucial to consider clinicians experience with GCBT, particularly because many practices are conducted at institution with newly graduate students-therapists. Group member biographical information is also an interesting aspect to consider at the group level, as it is imperative to see if groups who are more spread out in age shows discrepancy compare to ones that are more compounded. Diagnoses, other forms of heterogeneity are important to consider, as any variances could potentially hinder with perceptions of shared characteristics important to group cohesion and harmfully affect group cohesion and its result. Further, heterogeneity based on client ethnicity may also help to consider diversity is the factor.

They further state, “Interpersonal group treatment stems from the interpersonal psychoanalytic work of Harry Stack Sullivan but also incorporates a CBT approach in terms of its time limited structure and the use of homework. Interpersonal group

CBT is relatively short term, goal directed, problem focused treatments that are based on the model that changing cognitions and leads to behavioural change (Dobson, 2002 as cited in Sudak, D. M. 2006). We interact with the world through our mental representation of it. If our mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning

comparable results for depression as antidepressant medications, making it a successful treatment alternative to medication. (Thoma, Pilecki, et al., 2015, p. 433) Since this is predicted to become such a major issue, the treatment for depression has become extremely important. According to Rachman, Cognitive behavioral therapy is also successful for the uses of treating obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety. For example, Salkovski 's analysis of OCD became an important part of the cognitive behavioral therapy model, which helped therapists focus on the client 's thoughts and feelings regarding their compulsive behaviors and urges. (Rachman, 2014, p.5) In the field of anxiety, studies also found that cognitive behavioral therapy showed favorable results in lowering symptoms for those diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. One of the majority methods of therapy for anxiety disorders is exposure therapy, which is the process when a client is directly confronted with the object that they fear throughout sessions. The process starts out slowly, until the last session where the client comes into direct contact with the object they fear. (Thoma, Pilecki, et al., 2015, p. 438)

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterised by pervasive, uncontrollable, and excessive worry (Newman et al., 2011; Marcus, Westra, Angus, & Kertes, 2011; Salzer, Winkelbach, Leweke, Leibing, and Leichsenring, 2011; Rynn et al., 2008; & Mittee, 2005). It is also associated with somatic symptoms (Salzer et al., 2011; Rynn et al., 2008; & Mittee, 2005), and avoidance of emotional processing (Newman et al., 2011). Prevalence is higher in women, particularly women aged 45 to 55 (Burton, Westen, & Kowalski, 2015). The Australian Burro of Statistics reports a 5.9% lifetime prevalence for GAD (as cited in, Burton et al., 2015). It is there for important to evaluate different treatment methods that directly target problem areas associated with GAD. Treatment methods evaluated in this essay include; duloxetine; cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and acceptance-based behaviour therapy (ABBT). It will be argued that CBT is the most effective short and long-term treatment for GAD.

Self-help CBT-I is recommended as the least restrictive evidence-based entry step of the treatment model. With the advance of information technology, internet is used for delivery of self-help material.

Anxiety is treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most used for anxiety.Cognitive behavioral therapy helps with negativity and “bad” feelings. Cognitive behavioral therapy has two main components these include : “Cognitive therapy examines how negative thoughts, or cognitions, contribute to anxiety.Behavior therapy examines how you behave and react in situations that trigger anxiety.The basis of cognitive behavioral therapy is that our thoughts—not external events—affect the way we feel”(Arbor,2011,p.12). In other words, different situations can have different reactions and vise versa. Each clinical area focuses on different parts of the brain that may trigger anxiety and it 's symptoms.

Clark, D. (2009) Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. New York: Guildford Publications.

Anxiety can be treated in different ways. Many standard approaches have proved effective are therapy, medications and complementary and alternative treatments. Cognitive- behavioral thereby (CBT)highly effective in treating anxiety disorder. CBT is a type psychotherapy. Additionally, behavioral therapy also can be used to decrease unwanted behavior that associates with anxiety. Remediation needs to be customized to the needs of the patient and the type of disorder.

The treatment models used for this group are combinations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and psychodynamic

Individuals in CBT learn to recognize and correct perplexing behaviors by applying a variety of altered abilities that can be utilized to discontinue drug abuse and to discourse a variety of other difficulties that often take place in conjunction to the drug abuse (Martin, 2013). There is a prominence on recognizing and adjusting illogical thoughts, handling negative mood and superseding after a lapse to avert a full-scale relapse (Becks, 2011). All methods of CBT are grounded on the notion that beliefs predominantly distress our emotions and actions (Becks, 2011). CBT emphases on reconnoitering relationships amongst an individual 's judgments, emotional state and behaviors and altering and adjusting the way the client deals with his thoughts (Becks, 2011). CBT therapists may embolden clients to test the destructive philosophies and expectations they have about themselves and their domain (Martin, 2013).

Smith, Segal, and Segal (2014) note that CBT is the most widely-used therapy for anxiety disorders. The authors are also quick to note that anxiety disorders are and should be treated specifically, and that treatments should be individualized (Smith et al., 2014). This means that specific gendered concerns could be part of the individualization of a therapy. Smith and colleagues (2014) outline the process of treating anxiety with CBT as follows: negative thought challenging, exposure therapy, and complementary therapies like exercise, relaxation, biofeedback, and hypnosis. Regular exercise was also cited by DeMoor, Beem, Stubbe, Boomsma, and De Geus (2006) to decrease anxiety as it is associated with lower neuroticism, anxiety and depression, and higher extraversion and sensation seeking. Additionally, in combining cognition with behavioural activation, mind

5.3 Quality assessment Studies adopting a randomized controlled trial study design will be categorised as the highest level of evidence, followed by cohort studies and case control studies. This ranking was done according to Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's levels of evidence and grades of recommendation [14]. It helps to determine level of biasness of the study and similarly allowing a better critical evaluation of it. Other criteria taken into consideration would be the objective, methodology, findings of the study and the support from reference work with respect to the findings obtained [13]. 5.4 Data analysis The data will be