Compare And Contrast Winnyott And Winnicott

The first stage is trust vs. mistrust, this occurs in the first year of life. Infants develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide them with their basic needs, but a lack of this will lead to mistrust. If this stage is successful, the infant gains the virtue of hope. When a baby cries and its mom doesn’t come immediately, it knows the mom will come eventually. If the baby doesn’t develop hope, it instead develops fear, a fear that their mom will never come when they need them. The second stage is autonomy vs. shame and doubt in 1 to 3 year olds. In order for the toddler to reach autonomy, they have to be allowed to investigate and do things for themselves. They will gain confidence and self-control and learn to handle their mistakes. Too much independence is dangerous though since they’re fragile and could get hurt, but smothering and limiting them too much will make them doubt themselves and feel that they are unable to do things. If they feel inadequate, they may become very dependent and lack self-esteem. Balance is key in this and many of the other stages for proper growth. If this stage is successful the child will develop the virtue of will. The third stage is initiative vs. guilt, this

Developmental psychology is the study of how and why humans change over time. Its original purpose was to gain insight into the development of infant and children but eventually expanded to include studies over the lifespan of a person. From infancy into toddlerhood (ages 0-3), developmental psychology is of importance for psychologists, especially for psychologist that research in human development fields.

Erikson was a psychologist who was greatly influenced by Freud. Although influenced by Freud there are some differences in there developmental stages. Erikson believed that development in an individual was molded by society, culture, and environment. While Freud’s belief was that development is in some way is influenced by the fixation of sexual interest of different areas of the body. The stages in Erikson’s development theory outline how important social experiences can shape us. While Freud’s theory is mainly based on ones sexuality. Additionally the other significant difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s theories is the outcome of a particular stage. Erikson believed that the outcome of a certain stage was not permanent and that it could be changed later on in life. While Freud presumed that if an individual became fixated on a stage problems associated with that stage would be carried on through life.

Klein proved herself to be a head strong enduring female. She was a visible iconoclast within a profession dominated by male physicians and scholars. She was not succumbed by her protégés in fact she laid her own path. In the time when females were denied an education in which they were deprived of enrolling in some schools and programs, attending classes or much less entering a library, even so much as employment outside of the home was sought as rare for women, Melanie Klein pushed forth. Development of Modern Psychology: Play Therapy

Developmental Psychology is the ways that people change throughout their lifespan. Studies include the psychological affects, physical and social growth, intellectual, emotional and perceptual changes that occur. Developmental Psychology focus on a wide range of behavior changes beginning with prenatal development. Developmental Psychology also focuses on developmental disabilities and the effects it might have on people’s behavior. As with many fields related to psychology, a developmental psychologist must obtain a doctorate for most positions; some positions at the university level requires a PhD.

Erikson’s theory of personality is based on his eight stages of development. In each of these eight stages of

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life. Initially focused on infants and children, the life stages of developmental psychology is ranged to include infancy, adolescence, adult development, and the entire lifespan. This field looks at change across a wide range of topics that includes motor skills and other psychological processes such as cognitive development involving areas like problem solving, moral understanding, conceptual understanding, language acquisition, social personality, emotional development, and self-concept and identity formation.

The main points of Bowlby’s (1951, cited Pennington et al, 2003) theory are that a child has an innate need to form an attachment to one main figure, the mother or mother-substitute. Although a child can have multiple attachments, it is the need for a single and exclusive bond to the mother figure that is of vital importance, hence the name monotropic theory. A child also needs continuous care from this primary caregiver for approximately the first three years of life, the ‘critical period’. Otherwise, the child will suffer

For ideal development to occur during this time, the mother should be in what Winnicott called a state of primary maternal preoccupation. Phillips (1988) defines this as, “a state comparable to an illness and characterized by a preoccupation...of heightened sensitivity akin to a kind of primitive, somatic identification with the baby.” (p. 122). It is essentially a selflessness of subjective interest displayed by the mother who offers herself as a vehicle for the infant’s demands and desires. With regard to the infant in his or her earliest stages of life, this selflessness is the defining characteristic of the good-enough mother. Winnicott viewed this state as a sort of temporary madness that enables the mother to retract from her own subjectivity, and become a conduit for the development of the movements and vitalities of the infant (Phillps, 1988)

1902-1994” Erik Erikson – Erikson changed the way of thinking around the development of children. His theory was that child’s personality develops through the social influences throughout one’s life. His theory was that there are 8 stages in life that people encounter and through these stages, if resolved, one will continue to mature in their social development and one’s personality throughout life, not just through single events.

Erik Erikson 's theory of psychosocial development was greatly influenced by Freud and his psychoanalytic theory. Both Freud and Erikson believed that the life span included distinct stages that

     Since it is important for a child according to Freud to develop with love, death, hate, hunger, sex, aggression, among other drive and Erikson was not surrounded by not many if any of these drives it also provoked him to analyze his own childhood and come up with his own theory.

"Erikson's main contribution was to bridge the gap between the theories of psychoanalysis on the problems of human development, which emphasize private emotions, and the broader social influences that bear upon the individual. He was a strong proponent of the concept that social environment plays a major role in the development of personality. Going beyond the of a child's early life, Erikson concentrated on broader issues of peer culture, school environment, and cultural values and ideals. This led him to study the period of adolescence, in which he documented the interaction of a person's inner feelings and impulses with the world that surrounds the person."

Babies instinctively attach to their primary carer giver. The primary care giver usually this would be the mother is viewed as a protector by the infant, this is because of the primary care givers ability to satisfy the infants instinctual needs, such as when the child is hungry the primary care giver would provide the child with nourishment, Breast feeding the infant allows for a greater bond between the infant and the primary care giver. Freud (Gross p495) ‘believed that healthy attachments are formed when feeding practices satisfy the infants needs for food, security, and oral sexual gratification’. If the child feels anxious or falls and bumps his or her knee, the primary care giver would be there to physically and emotionally comfort the child which helps the child to feel safe again.

Erikson’s theory followed Freud´s and it was based on many of Freud´s ideas. He had studied at Anna Freud, Freud’s daughter in Vienna. Erikson´s and Freud´s theories have similarities. Both theories admit the importance of the unconscious on development. They also both separates development into stages of a person´s life and handle similar age spans for these developmental stages. However, there are also differences that exist between names of the stages and the developmental subjects that are assumed during each stage. Part of the reason for that is that each psychologist has his own exclusive view of what causes a person’s development.