Affects of Vernalization Length on the Flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana
Background information
The flowering of plants is a tightly controlled process and flowering at the wrong time could cause detrimental problems for a plant, especially if it were to flower too early in the season. There are both environment and genetic factors that can influence flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the winter-annual A. thaliana, environmental factors affect the gene expression of Flowering Locus C (FLC) (Michaels, et al., 2006). Environmental factors include the quality and quantity of light and vernalization, which is the promotion of flowering due to cold temperatures (Balasubramanian et al., 2006). Genetic factors include FRIGIDA (FRI), flowering
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In the Seo et al. study in 2009, it was shown that ten days of cold would slightly delay flowering, while twenty days of cold will delay it further. This means that the flowering of the plant is delayed according to the days it was in the cold temperatures. I hypothesize that A. thaliana will flower based on the first vernalization period, and will be unable to adjust to each variation of length in vernalization. If not, then one can assume A. thaliana is able to adjust the epigenetic effect on FLC that was caused by the first vernalization. If I shorten the vernalization time, the plant will flower based on the first vernalization, thus causing it to flower late. Likewise, if I lengthen the vernalization time, the plant will flower according to the first time, causing it to flower too early and potentially damaging the plant. This experiment may help us understand how global warming may affect winter-annual plants that work in a similar way to A. …show more content…
Two will be the control with a normal period of vernalization at five weeks, two will be in a short vernalization period at three weeks, two will be at a relatively long period of vernalization at seven weeks, and two will be at the longest period of vernalization of nine weeks. The independent variable will be vernalization length, and the dependent variable will be the time it takes the plants to flower. The vernalization will occur at 4ºC. Otherwise; they will be grown at 23ºC. Before vernalization, they will grow at normal temperature for four weeks. Other constants include light, at 20-150 µmol/m2sec and humidity, at 55%. The plants will be grown in long day periods of fourteen hours of light, with dawn at 0600 hours and dusk at 2000 hours. For accurate results, the plants will be grown in a growth chamber. After their first vernalization, I will grow them at 23ºC for four weeks, then put them in a vernalization state again, but each for one less week than previously done. I will repeat this same process twice so that I can shorten the vernalization time again. Flowering time will be measured in days since initial planting to the first
Still Life: Flowers is a 17th century painting by Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer. It is an oil on canvas, and presently resides in the Art Gallery of Ontario, in Toronto. The piece is a traditional still life. It is vertical in its organization; the viewer’s eye lands on the bright flowers and scans from top to bottom. There are indicated lines, where the flowers grow upwards and where they drape over the sides of the pedestal. This formation of flowers creates a triangular like shape. At the same time, the draping flowers direct the viewer’s eye down to the carved relief sculptures on the ledge, concealed in the shadows and break this triangular formality. The emphasis
There are many ways to obtain seeds to grow flowers in the springtime, but not all seeds were created equal. Sunflower seeds, for example, can be bought at a garden store in a packet for $1.5 dollars per 6 gram packet, but they can also be found in bird seed for $3.53 dollars per 10 pounds. This experiment intends to find if the germination of a store bought packet of sunflower seeds matches the germination rate of sunflower seeds obtained from a bag of bird seed. While both seeds will germinate, it is believed that the bird seed will not be as robust in growth as the garden seed, due to the fact that the garden seed is made to be grown, while the bird seed is made for consumption.
might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,
In general terms, explain how the basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified in angiosperms.
The group planted a total of 8 separate pots of seeds. Two pots consisted of only seeds and those were the control group of this experiment. The other plants also consisted of radish seeds but had chemicals ammonia, vinegar, or a combination of both applied once weekly with 30ml of water being applied daily (except on the weekends). As a result, there were a total of 8 pots. Two of each variable and two of the controls.
Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) are an unbranched perennial plant that are primarily located in middle and eastern areas of North America. Wingstem grow in habitats that receive large amounts of sun and areas that are shaded. Wingstem thrive in areas with moist conditions, and receive periodic rainfall. Based on our knowledge of the chemical processes in plants, the Wingstem located in the sunlit areas will have greater reproduction, resulting in increased flowering rather than those in shaded locations. To test our hypothesis, we collected Wingstem in various habitats (sun and shaded). We then calculated the number of flowers, followed by weighing the total vegetation. The results demonstrate a significant difference between the number
The independent variable was the type of seed used in the experiment, wheat and acacia. The dependent variable was the time that the seeds were placed into the water. The controlled variable was the temperature of the water which the two seeds were placed in. Whilst performing this experiment, a larger number of each seeds relating to each type of plant were used as some of the seeds may have been inactive, therefore, not germinating.
During testing our developed primers in June 2015, I began work on my Honor’s Thesis to understand mRNA expression changes during a common chemical treatment used by many growers to change the sex of the plant for seed production. Through growing female plants and treating some branches with silver thiosulfate, these plants will produce both male and female flowers, which can be harvested throughout the growing process. These flowers will be have RNA extracted at three time points, which will
The plants were continually monitored and watered when needed. At approximately two weeks from the day the seeds were planted, several flowers were open on the plants. The plants were then cross-pollinated using a pollinating wand. The pollen from one plant was transferred to another, using approximately eight flowers. This was done three different days with one day in between. After the third pollination, the unopened buds were removed. The plants were kept watered, and the new buds and shoots were removed for the next 14 days.
In a 2005 and 2007 study by L. Galloway, the maternal light environment of Campanulastrum americanum was shown to influence the offspring’s germination season by altering the maternal flowering time. C. americanum, also known as the American bellflower, is a native understory fern. Individuals can grow in either the forest understory or in light gaps, therefore, individuals will experience no direct sunlight, or full sunlight for some length of time, daily. Individuals within the C. americanum species are capable of having one of two life-history strategies. The relationship between maternal light environment and flowering time can influence the offspring’s life-history strategy by dictating whether the individuals grow as annuals or biennials. A majority of seeds in light gaps became annuals, germinating in the fall and flowering immediately the next summer, while a majority of the understory seeds grew as biennial individuals, germinating in the spring and growing for a season before flowering their second year. As the study results support, these flowering phenologies are two different life-history strategies that have been influenced by maternal effects. The study results have shown that twice as many seeds germinated in light gaps if their mother had grown within the gap, and that twice as many seeds germinated in the understory if their mother had also grown there. The population growth for individuals grown outside of their mother’s environment was determined to be
allows an enormous variation that is rare in more temperate climates. Some plants like the
ASLAM, J., A. MUJIB, and M. P. SHARMA. 2011. Influence of freezing and non-freezing temperature on somatic embryogenesis and vinblastine production in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33.2: 473-480.
At the beginning of this lab my group and I were instructed to go and cut 24 10cm coleus plants. After we had done so we put three in a 2½ pot making eight pots total, we then filled each pot with a clay media. After that we then labeled each pot assigning two pots to four different treatments. The first treatment was for the plants to receive fertilizer and heat, the second was no fertilizer with heat, third was fertilizer without heat, lastly to neither be given fertilizer nor heat. We left the plants to taken care of by the greenhouse manager Bronson, with the instruction to come in and take observations of the pant to make sure they are doing well.
- The dates of bud break and full bloom in both cultivars in both areas advanced earlier by 1.0 – 2.3 days.
Since yield of temperate cereals (like Barley) is strongly affected by timing of floral transition and