Digestive System: A Case Study

Glucagon acts on liver cells to promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose and formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids.

Glucagon signifies “the liver and muscles to turn glycogen into glucose and release glucose back into the bloodstream” (Morris 2014). The purpose of this is to prevent the blood glucose levels from reaching excessively low levels.

When glucose carriers in the membrane were set to 500, the glucose transport rate for 2.00 mM of glucose was .0008 mM/min. Equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. At 700 glucose carriers the rate was .0010 mM , and equilibrium was reached at 33 minutes. When the glucose carriers was set at 900 the rate was .012 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 27 minutes. After changing the glucose concentration to 8.0 mM, the glucose transport rate with 500 carrier proteins was .0023 mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 58 minutes. With the simulation set at 700 carrier proteins the rate was .0031mM/min, and equilibrium was reached at 43 minutes. When the simulation was done with 900 carrier proteins the glucose transport rate was .0038, and equilibrium was reached at 35 minutes.

Normally the level of glucose in the body rises after a person eats a meal. This rise in blood glucose stimulates the beta cells to release insulin. Insulin then either helps body cells take up glucose to use as energy or promotes the conversation of glucose to fat, which are used by the cells later. Some glucose maybe stored in the liver this is called glycogen. Then the level of glucose drops (usually several hours after the meal has been eaten), other cells in the pancreas stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose and its release into the bloodstream. In this way, the level of glucose in the bloodstream stays relatively constant until the next meal is eaten.

When food is ingested it travel along the digestive track in to the stomach. where it is broken down in to nutrients in order to be absorbed by the small intestine and inters the blood stream to travel through the circulation to all body cells. One of the nutrients is glucose. When the glucose concentration rise it get detected by the beta cells in the pancreas

(TCO 4) After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells?

cells absorb glucose from the blood. The glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as

Answer 1: Insulin and glucagon work together to keep glucose levels in the blood within the

When food is ingested in a person body it is broken down into smaller components including a sugar called glucose. Glucose travels to the cells in our body through the bloodstream and this is made possible due to insulin. As stated earlier insulin is produced by the beta cells and is stored in the pancreas. When the glucose levels go up in a person’s body the pancreas release the stored insulin in order for the glucose to get into the cells. To summarize insulin is what allows for glucose to produce energy. The cells in our body

The insulin signaling cascade is initiated when insulin binds to insulin receptors located on the cell 's surface. The insulin receptor has four subunits: two alpha subunits located on the outside of the cell and two transmembrane beta subunits (3 & 4). When insulin binds to the alpha subunit receptors, it transmits a signal across the plasma membrane and activates tyrosine residues that are attached to the beta subunits. The activation of the tyrosine residues causes it to autophosphorolate and then phosphorolate other proteins that also have tyrosine residues attached to them. These phosphorylated proteins then move on to trigger cellular responses such as translocation of GLUT4 vesicule to the cell membrane. The vesicule becomes a transporter to allow glucose to come into the cell so that it can continue on and be stored as glycogen (3).

The pancreas is below and behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to transport the blood sugar (glucose) into cells so that they can work normally. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, the fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to insulin.

When carbohydrates are digested they are broken down in the digestive system and released into the blood causing the blood sugar levels to rise. This in turn causes the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin will then trigger the absorption of sugar by cells either for energy use or as storage, in the

Before blood continues to the heart, it must first travel through the liver to metabolize the substances from the GI tract. The carbohydrates that are in the food processing through the GI tract that is then transported to the liver is where it creates, stores, and releases glucose. At this point, the liver helps maintain a normal glucose levels within the blood flowing through the hepatic system. If sugar levels (glucose) were to start getting too high, the pancreas will start producing insulin to help the liver maintain the glucose levels. The drugs that the GI tract absorbs usually loses their potency before it reaches circulation of the blood because the liver processes and metabolizes them. At rest the liver consumes about 20% of total body

An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.

Glucose in your body comes from three major nutrients: fat, protein, and carbohydrate. About, 10 percent of the fat and 50 percent of the protein you eat eventually brakes down into it and 100 percent of the carbohydrates you eat. When a person who does not have diabetes eats any food, their blood glucose level rises; the beta cells detect this rise and release more insulin. The insulin goes into the liver telling it to make less glucose and to the muscles, fat cells to take up more.