"Hocus-Pocus Accounting" by Douglas R. Carmichael, Journal of Accountancy, October 1999; Vol. 188, Iss. 4; pg. 59, 5 pgs
Abstract:
SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt decried what he termed "accounting hocus-pocus" and called for coordinated efforts to uncover it. He targeted the practice by some companies of improperly boosting reported earnings by manipulating the recognition of revenue. Among the most common methods of doing this are the bill-and-hold transaction and a long list of sham transaction involving shipping, billing and/or related-party involvements. Both the SEC and the AICPA seek to increase independent auditors ' awareness of problems associated with these practices. Full Text: | Copyright American Institute of Certified
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The SEC has emphasized that the above is not a simple checklist. A transaction might meet all the criteria and still fail the revenue-recognition guidelines. The following factors also must be considered:
* The date the seller expects payment and whether the seller has modified its normal billing and credit terms for the buyer.
* The seller 's past experiences with bill-and-hold transactions.
* Whether the buyer has the expected risk of loss in the goods ' market value.
* Whether the seller 's custodial risks are insurable and insured.
* Whether Accounting Principles Board Opinion no. 21, Interest on Receivables and Payables (on discounting the related receivable), applies.
* Whether the business reasons for the transaction have introduced a contingency to the buyer 's commitment.
A WELL-PREPARED AUDITOR
In planning the audit of all revenue transactions, the auditor must understand the client 's industry, business and products as well as its procedures for accepting orders, shipping goods, billing and recording sales and removing product from inventory. When a client engages in bill-- and-hold transactions, he or she should determine whether the transactions comply with the SEC 's criteria.
Auditors need to consider many factors to assess the appropriateness of revenue recognition. For example, in an SEC enforcement case, the seller was a toy maker with a highly seasonal
Hilton, R.W. and Platt, D.E. (2017). Managerial Accounting: Creating Value in a Dynamic Business Environment (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259569562
One of the most important factors is reliability of financial statements. Reliability is further ensured by audit of financial statements. At last but not least, financial statements should be made in a comparable format either with previous periods or with the competitors.
The case focuses on a sales agreement with multiple deliverables. The critical issue is determining
Marshall, D.H., McManus, W.W. & Viele, D.F. (2004). Accounting: What the Numbers Mean (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rich, J., Jones, J., Heitger, D., Mowen, M., & Hansen, H. (2012). Cornerstones of Financial & Managerial Accounting. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage
a. “Analytical procedures are an important part of the audit process and consist of evaluations of financial information made by a study of plausible relationships among both financial and nonfinancial data. Analytical procedures range from simple comparisons to the use of complex models involving many
P., Tsay, B., & Olds, P. R. (2011). Fundamental managerial accounting concepts (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
(2) Whether the customer received an inducement to agree to the term. (The supplier may have offered the customer a choice: a lower price but subject to an exemption clause or a higher price without the exemption.)
Revenue recognition is a primary cause of financial statement restatements, are related to fraudulent behavior, cause market value and capitalization drops, and cause higher enforcement efforts to ensure fairness and integrity in financial statements (Kieso, Weygandt, & Warfield, 2008). Most fraud cases that involve company executives involve revenue recognition is some manner, whether to steal company money and hide the actions or in efforts to meet financial analysts expectations to maintain stock prices and still maintain job positions and bonuses. Each case has led to material misstatements where financial statements had to be restated with SEC, caused market and capitalization drops for the companies, and caused higher enforcement efforts by SEC. And, each case has effected financial statement users and has caused uncertainties in minds of investors, which compromise the companies. When
Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Brewer, Peter CView Profile; Juras, Paul EView Profile; Brownlee, E Richard, IIView Profile. Issues in Accounting Education18.1 (Feb 2003): 49-69.
to the book value of the receivables. The factor normally receives the payment directly from
Bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statements of the audit client;
The legal issue is whether a clear offer and acceptance is materialized by both of the parties to establish an accord for a contract that have legal obligation.
For an offer to be satisfied, there are rules to be considered. The offer has to be complete, promissory, intention to undergo a contract when accepted, and focused on an individual or a group. In addition,