preview

Double Use Of Performative Essay

Good Essays

This paper will compare the use of the performative two poems: The Lake Isle of Innisfree by W. B. Yeats and Digging by Seamus Heaney. Both these poems will be analyzed individually and in comparison with one another on several themes, being performativity and desire. The main subject is how desire is expressed through the performative in both poems. First, a brief explanation of the performative as defined by Bennett and Royle. A performative is a statement which constitutes an action, thus it does not only describes an action but also preforms the action. An utterance as ‘I now pronounce you husband and wife’, spoken in the right conditions, is not only a statement, it also connects two people in marriage. Hence, literary texts can be considered …show more content…

The first line of the poem ‘I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,’ (Yeats 1890, 2087) already starts off with a performative: ‘I will arise and go’. Yeats does not simply states he wants to go to Innisfree but also demonstrates his intention to actually leave and travel there. The double use of ‘go’ emphasizes the speaker’s action, he is determined to go to Innisfree. The line ‘I will arise and go now,’ (Yeats 1890, 2087) is later repeated on line nine, again emphasizing his desire to go to Innisfree. The description Yeats provides of Innisfree is quite idyllic, as if it is a sort of magical place. In the second quatrain, the speaker gives an explanation of why he wants to go: ‘And I shall have some peace there,’. He believes he cannot find peace in an urban environment but that this can be found in nature. The poem expresses his desire to find peace. The performative act of the poem lies in the fact that he wants to escape the city and go to the countryside. Yeats’ desire to escape into nature, more precisely to Innisfree, is connected to his childhood. Innisfree was the place where he spent his summers as a child. His inspiration came from a memory of his childhood, while walking down Fleet Street, he explains ‘and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began …show more content…

‘Even (or especially) with its title, a literary text has begun to promise.’ (Bennett & Royle 2016. 313). This quote of Bennett & Royle can be applied to the title of Heaney’s poem. The poem starts off with a performative, namely its title, and hereby promises that the poem will dig. And digging is exactly what the poem is doing the whole time. The performative act of the poem is that the speaker is digging throughout it, but rather than digging with a spade, he is using his pen to do it. The poem expresses the speaker’s desire to keep digging, like his father and grandfather did, but he wants to do it in a different way. That he is not going to dig with a spade, becomes apparent in the last two lines of the poem ‘The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it.’(Heaney 1966, 2953) . Furthermore, the last line is actually a performative: he is not merely stating it, but he will actually do it. On the second line, Heaney refers to his pen as a gun: ‘The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.’ (Heaney 1966, 2953). It demonstrates that he does not see his pen as ‘just a pen’, but as his instrument, his weapon. By choosing his pen, Heaney is not digging in the sense of unearthing or burying. The act of digging also means the act of remembering, this will be further explained later in this

Get Access