Epidemic Diseases

Malaria is a very contagious parasite transmitted through mosquitoes to humans. Those at risk are individuals living in areas conducive to the breeding of mosquitoes, especially those that allow the mosquitoes to complete their growth cycle. Everyone is at risk

Malaria has been in existence for thousands of years. Many historical records show that it has affected human civilization greatly by plaguing and causing mass death. The earliest record can be traced back to 2700 BC in China (Cox, 2002). It has been long associated with swamps and insects for hundreds of years but often believed to be the air from swamps causing the plague. The term malaria rooted from two Italian words ‘mala’ and ‘aria’ which literally means bad air. Humanity did not know the true nature of the long thought disease until 1894 when a Scottish physician, Sir Ronald Ross, discovered that it was actually the parasite in mosquito that is causing the malaria.

As the disease progresses the pulse slows and weakens, bleeding of the gums, and bloody urine occur. In more severe, usually fatal cases, jaundice occurs, which is what the disease is named for. Jaundice is when the patient's skin turns yellow and is the final definitive test to detect yellow fever, although by that stage it is usually too late. In the rare cases where people recover from the disease, the person develops an immunity to the disease.

Yellow fever is a virus that is usually found in South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where the virus is spread via mosquitoes. Symptoms of yellow fever often are not noticeable until four to six days after infection and vary in severity. The two phases of yellow fever include the acute phase and the toxic phase. In the acute phase, infected persons will experience mild symptoms such as fever and muscle pain. The acute phase lasts three to six days before evolving into the toxic phase. Symptoms of the toxic phase include high fever, bleeding from body orifices, jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and, eventually, the toxic phase becomes deadly, leading to low blood pressure, organ failure, shock, coma, or even death.

Mosquitoes are the host to many diseases the pose a threat to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Endemic birds are the most affected by the transmission of avian diseases through mosquitoes. Controlling the mosquito popular is key in bringing back the native bird population.

In 1932, the Yellow Fever vaccination was developed by Jean Laigret. Yellow fever is a viral infection spread by a type of mosquito. The disease involved fatal symptoms such as the failure of heart, liver, and kidney conditions.

During this period the person is not contagious. The first symptoms usually appear between the 12th or 14th day. After the incubation period a raveling onset of flu-like symptoms will unfold: high fever (a fever of 101 the person is highly contagious), chills, malaise, abdominal pain, headache, severe fatigue, severe back pain, vomiting, and overall discomfort. After these symptoms the rashes with flat red spots appear at this point the person is highly contagious; it will first appear on the face, hands, forearms, legs and later on the trunk. Many of the lesions will turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid which then turns into pus. After eight to nine days the blisters will be a scab which will begin to fall of leaving deep pitted scars.

Ninety percent of all Yellow fever cases were reported in Africa. The period of time from contracting the infection to development of symptoms is generally three to six years. The virus is not contracted by direct contact with human to human. Not only do the mosquitoes spread the virus to humans they can spread it to monkeys. This means if a mosquito bites a monkey that has the fever they can pass it to humans, this can lead to major outbreaks. Through all the Yellow fever cases around thirty thousand of them led to death. Yellow fever was thought to have originated in Africa and was brought to America on the slave ships. The virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the flavivirus senes. After the transmission of the virus occurs, it replicates in religion lymph nodes and silently spreads through the bloodstream. The widespread dissemination can affect the kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In addition to these, it can affect the other organs in the human body. Yellow fever is not just a virus it is a hemorrhagic condition that can lead to death. The United States has worked hard to eliminate this insect, having officially eradicated it from the united states and Canada.

While signs and symptoms of chicken pox will usually appear one to two days prior to the rash, the rash itself will last from five to ten days. The symptoms that appear before the rash are headache, fever, general malaise, cough and loss of appetite. There are three phases of rash once it appears; Phase 1 red or pink papules all over the body for several days; Phase 2 The papules turn into

The Dengue virus is currently the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection in the world. Yearly, it brings 50 million infections and a minimum of 1200 deaths. Originally, Dengue fever was transmitted to apes and monkeys by the Aedes stegomia mosquito, and rarely directly to humans. The main reason Dengue has been spreading increasingly over the past 25 years is because of the urbanization of tropical environments. The destruction of the jungles for habitation put humans in close range of the natural Dengue hosts, causing an outbreak of the virus in the human species (Macklin, 2014). In this case, the human impact on the viruses was the human interference with the environment in which this virus

Mosquitoes will compromise the health and safety of your family and your pets, and they carry ailments such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and dog heartworm.

The hosts of yellow fever include both humans and monkeys. The yellow fever virus is taken up by a female mosquito when it ingests the blood of an infected human or other primate. Viruses reach the stomach of the mosquito, and if the virus concentration is high enough, the virions can infect epithelial cells and replicate there. From there, they reach the haemocoel (the blood system of mosquitoes) and from there the salivary glands. When the mosquito next sucks blood, it injects its saliva into the wound, and the virus reaches the bloodstream of the bitten person.

The symptoms of the disease range from fever, chills, headache and even some abdominal pain, along with vomiting of blood, hemorrhage from mucous membranes, and jaundice. The incubation period for Yellow fever ranges from 3-6 days, on the fifth day internal bleeding, kidney and or liver failure begins along with degeneration of the heart. Many who are infected with the disease experienced a brief recovery period before the disease progresses with more severe complications. Once deterioration of the liver cells beings a yellow pigmentation on the skin occurs hence the name Yellow fever, death usually occurs in about 5% of those infected. The only positive outlook to the disease is you gain

There are two different conditions of Yellow Fever, mild and severe. Mild cases’ symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, back pain, body aches, vomiting, and weakness in the arms, legs, and muscles. More severe cases’ symptoms consist of vomiting blood, bleeding from nose, mouth, and ears, slow heart rate, liver failure, kidney failure, seizures, and comas. A person with Yellow Fever can easily be diagnosed by doctors by the color of their skin. A person with Yellow Fever shows skin that is starting to turn yellow from

WHO.). Yellow fever has a lot of symptoms, brings a lot of deaths, and it has no cure only treatments. The way doctors know that somebody has yellow fever is all the different types of symptoms. Yellow fever’s main symptom is “Jaundice: which is a symptom that gives the host yellow skin and eyes”(Yellow fever.