Essay On PM 2. 6

Air pollution continues to be a significant problem in the city of Birmingham, as it has been for decades. No one enjoys walking the streets of Birmingham only to taste or smell the smoke and particulates in the air, not to mention the damaging effects to one’s health. Fortunately, improvements have been made; forty years ago, residents of Birmingham could not even see the skyline due to the immense amounts of particulates in the air, but now the skyline is visible on a daily basis. The noticeable improvement indicates the progress that has been made over the years, but there is still plenty of room for much needed improvement. Birmingham’s air quality is among some of the worst in the United States, but there are several feasible and

(City-Data., 2015)What ethnicity or race is most common?According to the city data statistics it is predominately Caucasian. What is the general appearance of those you observed? Do they appear healthy? Do you notice any obvious disabilities, such as those with walkers or wheelchairs, or those with mental or emotional disabilities? Where do they live?From my observations they all appear healthy. I did not notice anyone with a walker, wheelchair or cane. No one appeared to be with mental or emotional disabilities at this time. I do not know where they live. Do you notice residents who are well nourished or malnourished, thin or obese, vigorous or frail, unkempt or scantily dressed, or well dressed and clean?All appeared nourished. One of the adult males sitting on a picnic table by the playground was slightly obese but was able to ambulate and function on the playground with his children and did not appear to be struggling. All appeared to be dressed appropriately but it was hard to tell as they were all wearing coats. The joggers were wearing workout clothes and tennis shoes. Do you notice tourists or visitors to the community?I did not observe anyone who appeared to be visiting at this time. Do you observe any people who appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol?I did not observe anyone who

As the exploration of the industrial development and increased speed of the urban sprawl in Beijing, many severe environmental issues attribute mainly to the anthropocentric activities have been come out of the scene. One of them is the air pollution. Air pollution has been regarded as the most severe environment issue in China since it has already threatened to physical health, especially for the respiratory tract and lung. “In January 2013, Beijing experienced historical heavy air pollution. In this particular month, very few days were observed with blue sky.” (Lijian Han et.al., 2015) According to the analysis of the driving factors, “the population grew fast, and energy consumption and the number of vehicles increased rapidly” (Ju Zhang et.al., 2010), these factors add together can make the air quality worse than any one of them separately can. Firstly, it has been an undoubted truth that more and more people originally lived in rural has been moved to core urban of Beijing since there are more opportunities in there. Therefore, the huge explosion of urban population with more energy release and more CO2 exhalation is seen as an inevitably primary factor causing the bad air quality. What’s more, as the population

In 2006, a study was conducted by Coutts et al. to determine the impact of increasing housing density on the surface energy balance and its relationship to Melbourne’s local climate. According to this study, alterations to the natural environment, resulting from the variations in urban surface characteristics (the physical structure of the city) and its artificial energy and pollution emissions, interact to alter and form distinct urban climates (Coutts et al. 477). These urban climates are far more severe than any natural climatic fluctuations experienced by the city; leading to increased air

According to the EPA pollution recommendations, when a city reaches an air quality index (AQI) of over 400, all people should avoid going outdoors. Beijing’s highest AQI is 895. This impacts the daily lives of Beijing citizens immensely. Air pollution has been related to increased cases of cancer, heart disease, stroke and other respiratory illnesses. It is also associated with asthma in children.

I thought cities had more diversity, more poverty, and low income household than suburb areas and this was supported by the above data. I learned that the increase of wealth and income in a small community hinders the rest of community where middle and low income families live. The ability to live in a “good” neighborhood is linked to income. Income can be one of the factors that determine how a region can be segregated. Even in the city, the income of the household separates the lower income families from the higher income families. High income families tend to live together and low income families tend to live in the same

Concerning the amount of PM 2.5 found in the air, these sections of Beaverton ranked in the 21st percentile nationally and the 50th percentile in Oregon. Ozone records pinned these sections of Beaverton in the fourth percentile nationally and the 21st percentile for Oregon. Compared with the United States as a whole and the rest of Oregon, Beaverton seems to preform quite well regarding PM 2.5 and Ozone. However, in these same two zone as reported above, the reports for traffic proximity, lead paint indicators, and water discharge proximity raise some concern. Each of the environmental indicators ranked above the 60th percentile mark, with traffic proximity and water discharger proximity both reaching well into the 90th percentile range. These high marks for their respective environmental indicators shocked me and were uncharacteristic for the majority of Beaverton.

This article, written by Jocelyn Lockwood, explores the severity and effects of air pollution in the Dallas-Fort Worth region. Lockwood begins her article by discussing the findings of the ‘State of the Air 2015’ report, written by the American Lung Association, to emphasize that the amount of pollution in the air is dangerous. The author continues the article by referencing an interview with Blazer, a 9-year-old who has asthma, to give more evidence

This research will contain a few limitations. The first will be that it will be impossible to survey the entire United States so just a selected area of places in the most 5 polluted areas in the U.S. will be surveyed. Second, there is a possibility that accurate answers will not be obtained because the participants will not be completely honest in answering the questions. To decrease this issue, we will inform each participant that the survey is confidential and no information will be released to anyone outside of the study. (Perfect!).

Urban sprawl has contributed greatly to air and water pollution as well as increased water and energy consumption. Since urban sprawl places people outside of walking distance to shopping areas and work areas, they are forced to rely heavily on cars for everyday transportation. This over reliance on vehicles has contributed significantly to air pollution and greenhouse gases becoming more abundant within the planet’s atmosphere. Pollution from vehicles is often the number one cause of pollution in many urbanized cities, such as Los Angeles. Another thing to take into consideration are the recent heat waves that have been experienced in the past few summers across the nation. People fail to realize that urban sprawl and pollution, which is a by-product of urban sprawl, have contributed significantly to the higher temperatures large cities have experience over the last few years.

According to a study done in the US (WHO, 2010), persons with lower socioeconomic status had higher levels of PM2.5 exposure than those of a higher status. This was based on the following indicators: Unemployment, education, earnings and poverty. The study revealed that persons with education less than a high school degree had higher exposures than those with a high school degree. This is also true for the unemployed, those in the poverty range as well as those with lower earnings than those of a higher status.

The University of Texas Health Science Center has found that the amount of PM2.5 in the air in Houston, Texas can be linked with a small increase in mortality rate. Houston is largely industrialized which accounts for the emission of pollutants that negatively affect the people and environment. Home to America’s largest petrochemical industry, as well as many ports and forms of transportation, it’s little surprise that the concentration of PM2.5 in the city can be greater than some other cities. Scientists recorded the levels of PM2.5 in Houston over 11 years and found that though the PM2.5 particles’ mass was greater than the national standard on only 17 days out of the 11 years, on those single days, the mortality risk increased by 1.43%.

Describe at least 3 components of a total reward system, 1 of which should be non financial.

Starting in the year 2004, the air pollution has reached an alarming level in the city o Toronto. Dr Barbara Yaffe, the acting medical officer of health of Toronto Public health, has released a report in July 2004 saying that the “air pollution [in the city] has contributed to over 1700 premature deaths and 6000 hospitalization admission in Toronto each year” (Yaffe, 2004, p.i). According to this report, pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide have increased within the air of the city; these pollutants are tiny particles that are 2.5 micron in diameter or less and can affect people’s respiratory system and cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems such as “asthma, bronchitis in children, adult chronic bronchitis, and heart problem” (TPH, 2007, figure 1). Although it

PM 2.5 in AQI, contributes to the poor quality of the air and is the major cause