Fast Plants

Other forms of the genotype, (ygr/ YGR) and (YGR/YGR) will result in green leaves. A third gene in Brassica rapa is the rosette mutant, homozygous recessive. The genotype needed for the short, rosette plant form is (ros/ros). The other two genotypes (ros/ROS) and wild type (ROS/ROS) will result in the normal form of the plant. The phenotypes and genotypes are related in that the phenotypes provide a visible indication of the genotype. This is true in an individual with a homozygous recessive gene. However, in the case of dominant genes, since only one copy is needed for the phenotype to be present, then the second copy is not indicated. The second copy can be identified process where two individuals (P1 and P2) with the same dominant phenotype, called the parental generation, are bred. This produces an F1 or first generation of offspring. The F1 generation can also be bred and produce an F2 generation. Each individual in the F1 and F2 generations receives one copy from each parent of the 3-letter genotype code, called an allele.

Stage six happens on days nine through thirteen. This is the stage when Fast Plants will begin to develop the buds for flowers on its tip, or shoot meristem. Stage seven is on days fourteen through seventeen, and in this time the Wisconsin Fast Plants’ flowers will bloom, and pollination may occur.

Gathering Data on the Different Traits of the Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum), Organizing the Dominant/Recessive Phenotypes of 60 F2 Offspring and Determining Whether the Null Hypothesis is Rejected or Accepted Using the Chi-Square Test.

Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, discovered principles of inheritance through breeding peas of different color and texture. He crossed several types of peas to investigate dominance relationships, variability, and genetic probability. Through his experiments, he laid down the foundation of inheritance that geneticists use to this day (Griffiths, 2015). From these crosses, Mendel pioneered modern genetics by developing seven laws of inheritance. The first and second law are investigated in this experiment.

Mendel found out that some traits can be passed down. He did this by cross breeding two pea plants. By figuring out which plant past down, which traits were passed down the line a number of times, he was able to figure out which traits are dominant and which are recessive. Dominant traits are traits that over rule recessive traits. For a recessive traits to show there needs to be two recessive genes, a dominant trait just needs one. He did this by cross breeding the plants. One plant had purple flowers. The other had white flowers. When the seeds of the two plants grew, he found that the seeds were all purple flower. When he crossed breed the new pea plants 1 of 4 plants had white flowers. However the recessive genes

Around 1854, Mendel began to research the transmission of hereditary traits in plant hybrids. At the time of Mendel’s studies, it was usually accepted fact that the hereditary traits of the offspring of any species were only the diluted mixing traits that were present in the ‘’parents.’’ It was regularly accepted that, over generations, a hybrid would revert to its original form, the conclusion of which suggested that a hybrid cannot create a new forms.

After pollination, actual fertilization of the seed is delayed until spring. The fruit develops during the regular growing season and is newly ripened as flowers begin to open in late autumn. The fruits develop into hard, fuzzy, tan or grey colored capsules under an inch long, each carrying one or two dark, shiny seeds. In the fall, the fruit capsules burst and eject their seeds up to 25’ away, and linger on the branches. If left undisturbed and uneaten on the forest floor, the seeds will germinate two years after dispersal.

Mendel proposed three fundamental laws for the pattern of genetic inheritance through his various experiments with flowering pea plants (Mendel) (see below):

The topic of genetics have fascinated scientists ever since the 1800’s when Gregor Mendel became the “father of genetics. Gregor Johann Mendel's study with peas revolutionized the field of biology. Using the peas, he was able create the foundation of genetics. Mendel's study was performed by crossing peas of differing variation to created a sequence of offspring. Initially, monohybrid characteristics, singe traits that only affected each other, were observed. Surprisingly, he found a ratio of 3:1 dominant to recessive genes in the first generation of peas. He also figured out that phenotypes that weren’t seen in the first generation are found in the second generation due to the dominant representation of dominant alleles. Then, dihybrid characteristics,

Before Gregor Mendel’s discoveries in the mid 1800’s, most people had no clear idea as to why their children, and grandchildren, looked like them! Most people assumed that because the child was in their family, and created by them, that familiar looking offspring just simply happened. Gregor Mendel put all that guessing to rest. Mendel did experiments on two different colored pea plants. In the first test, he mixed a purple flowered pea plant, and a white flowered pea plant. He let these plants fertilize and have off spring. These two plants were known as the Parent generation (P Generation). The offspring they produced were known as the F1 Generation. The P Generation created an F1 Generation that was all purple pea plants. Mendel then bred a new generation of pea plants ONLY breeding plants with themselves. This new generation was known as the F2 Generation. Within the F2 Generation, the white flowered pea plants began to show back up. The ratio of purple flowered pea plants, to white flowered pea plants was a 3:1 ratio. Mendel also noted that the purple and white color had not been blended; the white color was just purely masked by the purple color in the F1 Generation. Mendel was then able to make conclusions about simple breeding. He called the purple flowers dominant, because they were more frequent than the white flowers. He called the white flowers recessive, because they were less frequent than the purple flowers. Therefore he concluded that the purple flowers were

This experiment is being done to show Mendel’s rule of dominance that says certain alleles are dominant and others are recessive. To show this, we are using tobacco seeds, a monohybrid cross comparing only one trait color.

We then soaked three 4.5 mm paper discs in the paste and placed them in their respective places onto the top left sides of the agars. We then cleansed the mortar and pestle to repeat, this time with the second third of the seeds, 2.5 mL of water and 2.5 mL of the 70% ethanol. We again, soaked three more discs in the paste and placed them in their spots on the middle left sides of the agar. Then, after cleansing the mortar and pestle again, we added 5 mL of water, the last third of the seeds, and once again, soaked three discs, afterward placing them on bottom left of the agars. We then took three graduated cylinders and poured 5 mL of 70% ethanol in one, 2.5 mL of 70% ethanol and 2.5 mL of water the second, and 5 mL of water in the third for our control.

Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He chose pea plants as his experimental organism and carried out self-fertilization experiments. Mendel’s laws are the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. Mendel’s law of segregation says that the two copies of a gene separate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring. When an individual possessed two identical copies of a gene, the individual is said to be homozygous with respect to that gene. Using Mendel’s cross of tall and dwarf pea plants to illustrate how genes are passed from parent to offspring, the letters T and t are used to represent the alleles of the gene that determines plant height. In the P cross, the tall plant is homozygous

Labels were first made for Intraspecific and Interspecific for each plastic pot measuring 6cm by 6cm by 8.5cm. There was 10 pots filled ¾ of the way full, with Sta-Green™-moisture mixture plus wood fertilizer, for each of the twenty groups. For intraspecific a control was set with one Brassica rapa seed directly in the center of the pot. Then 2 Brassica rapa seeds were placed together equal distances apart into two pots. In another two pots, four Brassica rapa seeds were placed together equally apart. The last two pots had 8 Brassica rapa seeds equally apart. The Brassica rapa seeds used in this experiment are Wisconsin Fast Plant™. For the interspecific groups,the plastic pots were the same as above and each filled ¾ full of the same potting

Cross-pollination took place on day 29 and followed a very specific procedure. Our group observed flowering in cells three (two flowers) and five (four flowers). Pollen was carefully transferred from the stamen of each plant to the pistil of another using a small brush. This was repeated several times to ensure success. Finally, buds without flowers were trimmed from each plant. On day 36, seed pods were counted and a total of 12 were recorded and photographed. Buds and flowers were clipped from all plants on day 43 and 25 seeds pods were observed. The three lab periods proceeding the final clipping/trimming (days 50-64) were dedicated to drying the plants and seed pods.