Fitihvictoria Case Studies

First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find a base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the “so know pain pills”, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain also address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is.

According to The World Health Organisation (1999), defined pain as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is traditionally described as acute or chronic pain. The prevalence of chronic pain (CP) is higher than of acute of pain, as it affects 7.8 million people of all ages in the UK (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition., 2006). The current leading cause of mortality that is accounting for 60% of all deaths is due to chronic diseases and is also a problem as causes an increasing burden on the health care service (World Health Organisation., 2007). CP can affect a person’s quality of life if managed poorly, statistics shows that 25% of people lose their job and 22% leads to depression. (Chronic Pain Policy Coalition.,

Pain is one of the most influential symptoms that leads individuals to reach out to health care professionals to seek relief. Pain is subjective and unique to each person. Some individuals may have a higher pain tolerance than others. According to Frandsen (2014), “Pain is an unpleasant, sensory, emotional sensation associated with actual or potential tissue injury” (p. 889). Pain may be caused by a variety of elements, such as tissue or nerve damage and surgery. There are three main categories that pain is classified by, which are origin, duration, and cause. The main focus of this paper is on acute pain, chronic pain, and phantom pain. It is crucial to know how to assess each type of pain, as well as how to enhance it, or decrease the pain.

Despite recent advances in information regarding perioperative care, postoperative pain continues to go undermanaged. Postoperative pain is the pain patients experience after a surgical procedure. According to Gan, 80% of all people who undergo surgeries experience postoperative pain, and 75% of them rate their pain at a moderate, severe, or extreme level (as cited by Cooney, 2016). Furthermore, inadequately managed pain can lead to patient dissatisfaction, decreased patient outcomes, and overall higher cost of care (Penprase, Brunetto, Dahmani, Forthoffer & Kapoor, 2015). In order to provide higher quality pain management,

The management of postoperative pain has received much interest nowadays. The intensity of postoperative pain depends on many factors such as type and duration of the surgery, type of anesthesia and analgesia used, and the patient’s mental and emotional status (11).

Pain is subjective and identifying pain objectively is very complex. It can influence the patient’s behavior and can negatively affect the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure. When caring for these individuals and attempting to control their pain,

Pain is the way the body communicates and lets us know that there is something wrong that needs attention. The brain processes that sensation into information and that leads us to take action. If it is a natural part of our beings and is necessary then why do we do all we can to suppress it? There is a fine line between pain that is needed to help with function and pain that is there that disturbs homeostasis. There is also a question of is pain real or is it all in the mind. Pain and being able to manage it, is a very big component in the perioperative setting. It is triggered differently and is unique to each person this make treating pain just as unique. This paper will discuss pain management in the pre-operative, intra-operative and post- operative settings.

According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each person’s pain level, and two complementary/alternative methods of pain control.

Many patients in a hospital setting experience pain. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign and should be addressed as important as other vital criteria (Jones & Koneti, 2016). It is subjective and is what the patient says it is. Pain can vary from patient to patient. Majority of patients indicate pain verbally, but what happens when an individual cannot verbalize their pain? This is the situation for nonverbal individuals. Pain assessment in the healthcare setting is important because it assists in the diagnosis of the cause of pain. Pain may be an indicator of tissue damage but may also be experienced when there is no identifiable cause (Jones & Koneti, 2016). The effectiveness of assessing pain in nonverbal patients is seen with the use of the FLACC scale and can be compared to a verbal report.

Anxiety is the most common concern for patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery everyday in the United Sates. Nurses have issues pertaining to the postoperative care of cardiac surgery patients. Nursing has a very extensive meaning, from promoting good health in society to preventing the occurrence of ill health. Also, nurses provide advice and emotional support to patient family members. Being a nurse with the post-cardiac surgery patient requires special training. There are many means of patient care. I will investigate pain management of postoperative care for cardiovascular surgery patients.

Chen C, Mehta SS (2008) studied about the Postoperative experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Approximately 80% of patients experienced acute pain after surgery. Of these patients, 86% had moderate, severe, or extreme pain, with more patients experiencing pain after discharge than before discharge. A survey of 250 US adults who had undergone a recent surgical procedure asked about their postoperative pain experience. Approximately 80% of patients experienced pain after surgery. Of these patients, 86% had moderate,

There are two types of pain; Acute or Fast pain, this is a protective event that enables the organism to localise pain rapidly and accurately and withdraw from a stimulus to reduce further damage . The second type of pain is Chronic, this is commonly triggered by an injury or disease, but may be perpetuated by factors other than the cause of pain. The injury may exceed the body’s capability for healing. One will be diagnosed with chronic pain if the ‘pain’ continues 3 months after normal healing time for the injury at hand. Pain occurs due to four processes, Transduction, Transmission, Modulation and finally Perception. For pain to be felt all four processes must occur in synchronisation. Pain can affect people differently, this could be due to their; Gender, Sex or age. Studies have found that rates of most

Pain is an individual human experience and can expressed only by the person experiencing the pain (Ford 2015) .The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage”. Pain management is a challenging and major responsibility of a nurse . However inadequate knowledge and attitude towards the pain management make the patient suffer unnecessarily. In this case study I would like to provide summary of a patient who admitted with severe left hip pain after an unwitnessed fall . The purpose of this case study is to achieve more knowledge and skills to learn assessment and management of pain effectively in the clinical area. Through this case study I hope to improve the quality of care and to improve my learning experience. Moreover, this study will discuss about the types of pain and pathophysiology , pain assessment and pain management .

Pain management is a critical component of surgical care. Untreated or inadequately treated pain pre and post operatively intensifies the effect of trauma on nearly every system of the human body including respiratory, cardiac, hemodynamic stability, renal, gastrointestinal and neurological function. Poorly treated pain significantly increases the risk of complication, patient suffering, morbidity and mortality. Neurological sequelae can result from the bodily response to repeated painful stimuli which can result in chronic pain syndrome (CPS). CPS is a complex and poorly understood condition that can provide a major challenge to health-care professionals in terms of management. Thus, it stands to reason that surgical pain should be aggressively

In the situation, Mr. Jensen’s pain was identified as one of the priority problems. The International Association for the Study of Pain (1994) defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. Thus, pain is an inevitable physical stress with any surgery so much more in external fixation of combined fractures. Also, physical stress contributes to a marked increase in blood glucose levels especially in people with diabetes (Surwitt et al, 1992). It has been determined that the goal of this problem is control/ relief of pain immediately after (30 minutes) of determining the pain through proper pain assessment and management (through medication and complementary therapies).