Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit-and-Reach and Modified Sit-and-Reach Tests
Jacob Palmer
University of Puget Sound
March 3rd, 2015
Measures of Flexibility and Their Correlations to Sit-and-Reach and Modified Sit-and-Reach Tests
INTRODUCTION
Flexibility can be defined as the capability of something to bend easily without breaking. The flexibility of a person is commonly measured during fitness tests, and the most frequently used test of a person’s flexibility is the sit-and-reach (Jackson and Baker, 1986). Though it is commonly accepted that the sit-and-reach produces an accurate and relative measure of a person’s flexibility, the validity of the test has been examined a number of times (Jackson and
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For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit-and-reach. A correlation was also found between the modified sit-and-reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach.
Table 1. Means and Standard Deviation of Flexibility Measures
Variable
Mean
Standard Deviation
Shoulder Flexion
181
16.3
Shoulder Extension
75
12.8
Hip Flexion
95
25.4
Hip Extension
38
15.2
Skin Distraction
31.5
14.5
Sit and Reach
4.9
1.5
Modified Sit and Reach
38.6
9.4
Table 2. Correlations and meaningfulness between the sit-and-reach and modified sit-and-reach and all other flexibility variables
Sit-and-Reach
Modified Sit-and-Reach
Variable r r^2 r r^2
Shoulder Flexion
.78
.61
.41
.17
Shoulder Extension
.24
.06
.57
.33
Hip Flexion
.23
.05
.47
.22
Hip Extension
-.12
.01
.15
.02
Skin Distraction
-.01
.00
-.20
.04
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this experiment was to identify which flexibility measurement tests correlate with the sit-and-reach and modified sit-and-reach tests. In more recent studies, statistics have shown that both hip flexion test results and shoulder extension test results were directly correlated to modified sit-and-reach test results (Mayorga-Vega, Merino-Marban, and Viciana, 2014). The data gathered for the sample
The first new goal that I would like to set is to further improve my flexibility. In high school, I was able to do splits and other feats of flexibility, but, as time has moved on, I’ve lost this ability through lack of practice. In light of this realization, I like to continue to push myself, within reasonable means, of course, to increase
Six standing trials include 1) single dominant leg stance on a firm surface (SDFS), 2) single non-dominant leg stance on a firm surface (SNDFS), 3) double leg stance on a firm surface (DFS), 4) single dominant leg stance on a wobble board (SDWB), 5) single non-dominant leg stance on a wobble board (SNDWB), and 6) double leg stance on a wobble board (DWB). The order of the standing trials will be randomized. A two minute testing period will be recorded for each standing condition. During testing, participants will be instructed to position barefoot with the hands akimbo for as still as possible for both a firm surface and a wobble board conditions. During all one leg stance trials, participants will be instructed to flex the knee of the contralateral
This website was developed by James Griffing, he has a master’s in Kinesiology and a bachelors in exercise science. With contributions from many professionals such as, Eric Serrano, Lon Kilgore, Brent Rushall, Bryan Helwig, Joel Seedman, Joshua Seedman, Eladio Valdez III, and Marv Fremerman.
The article “Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait” by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It’s characterized by excessive flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle-foot orthoses, and intense stretching regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article’s title relating to crouch gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase and to rank these
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My goal is to become as flexible as possible in order to perform multiple stretches to increase by ability to perform activities with no difficulty and thus decrease any risk of injury. I tend to pursue this goal within the time frame from the end of September until the end of January. Such activities that will allow my flexibility level to grow include bicep stretch, hip flexor/quad stretch, foldover stretch, butterfly stretch, reclining pigeon, swan stretch, twisted arm stretch, standing thigh release, calf stretch, and standing tricep stretch. I will perform each of these stretches within 30 seconds to 1 minute each, every 4-5 days per week.
The group consisted of 117 female and 73 male students, with an average age of 20.22 years old. All students registered in Kinesiology 2276 were expected to complete a 10 minute online survey to receive a grade. Participants who were not registered in 2276 were not included in the study. No data was excluded from the results. The data was collected and compiled by graduate students and results were discussed during a lecture.
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The biomechanical model is used with problems related to musculoskeletal capacities that underlie functional motion in occupational performance (Kiehlhefner 66). The Biomechanical model also assesses deficit in ROM, strength and/or endurance regardless of the cause. Biomechanical looks into a client's physical capacity such as their; movement, muscle strength and endurance which can be assessed within the information gathering section within the OT process (McMillan, 2006). The Occupational Therapist thru clinical observations will identify limitations to client’s range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and endurance. Further assessment may be needed if observation identifies any limitations. In case of muscle strength, Manual Muscle testing
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