General George S. Patton

Field Artillery received recognition for its efficiency on the battlefield as early as the 18th Century earning the name “King of Battle.” In countless conflicts victory on the battlefield was determined by which

Field Artillery “The King of Battle” dates back as far as the birth of the United States Army itself. The Battle at Bunker

“At the time of our entry into World War I America was ill prepared for large scale warfare with large movements of whole Armies. The U.S. Army was not prepared with its Artillery and had no heavy artillery guns to speak of” (Hartwell, 2017). During World War I, the Coast Artillery Corps was subject to rapid changes and unit realignments. This signified the beginning of a seamless transition to what would eventually give birth to Air Defense Artillery. The French and British had provided the United States Army with its initial Artillery weapons resulting in no American Artillery brought to the front. Production quickly started on American versions of their foreign Artillery counterparts currently used in action. The American 8

The Byzantine empire and its capital of Constantinople existed for more than 1,123 years. A Roman military officer named Constantine, was stationed in Britain. Later, he defeated generals and became a Roman emperor. He gave Christianity legal standing within the empire and moved the imperial capital from Rome to Byzantium. Their emperors are not the only primary reason why the Byzantines should be studied. They protected Constantinople by building walls, preserved Greek classics, and began the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Field Artillery also known as “The King of Battle” dates back as far as the birth of the United States Army itself. At the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 1775, six artillery cannons stood and fought with much admiration. Due to poor leadership, five of the six cannons were lost and could not partake in battle. Henry Knox, a former bookseller, took over the artillery and created one of the most impressive and cohesive field artillery units that the United States Army has seen today. The artillery guns consisted of a large bronze or iron cannon, and a wooden frame connected with bolts wheeled on a carriage.

Prior to the Civil War during the Napoleonic era, artillery was a smoothbore weapon system primarily forged with bronze. These systems were very large, cumbersome, horse drawn and difficult to move into battle. However, near the end of the Napoleonic Era the Gribeauval system would improve cannon systems by casting them out of a solid piece of bronze, and boring out the center. This new Napoleonic invention increased range and accuracy, ultimately, establishing the cornerstone of rifled artillery.1

The American Civil War has a plethora of important events with major impacts on the eventual outcome. In this war, a significant event occurred on the coastline of Savannah, Georgia during the Battle of Ft. Pulaski, an important battle with definite defensive and logistical advantages as the prize to the victor. The innovation shown in this battle will forever leave an imprint in the history of the field artillery's modern cannon rifling system as it revolutionized influencing higher rates of accuracy at greater distances. The Union commander during that era, Cpt. Gilmore, showed how a once considered invincible “third system defense” fortress, built with seven foot wide walls with a legion of cannons, can be breeched and seized without any loss from enemy fire. With continuous and accurate fires while being out of reach from enemy fires this technology to which is still in use today in modern field artillery cannons. We will be exploring the historical timeline of this battle. Not just the significance of this particular fort battle in the Civil War, but also in how rifled cannon tubes changed the course of this battle.

Constantinople great Christian city that had been seized and controlled by the Muslim Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in 1453. This event marked the final end of the Roman/Byzantine Empire and the ascendency of the Ottoman Empire. The byzantine was a stronghold for Christianity and had ruled for eleven hundred years.

Who- The U.S. commander who led the attack was Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. The president at the time was Ulysses S. Grant. The tribes that were involved were the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne Warriors. The leader of the Sioux was Sitting Bull and the leader of the Cheyenne was Chief Dull Knife at the time. Crazy Horse was also an important person involved in the battle.

William Patton, an abolitionist and reverend, had a two-fold argument against the idea of Christianity supporting slavery which he laid out in his 1846 book “Slavery, the Bible, Infidelity”. His first argument, was that God could never support because, in simple terms, “God is just, and that slaveholding is unjust” (Patton, 6). Supporting this idea, Patton quotes Thomas Jefferson in saying in response of proslavery rhetoric, that “If your interpretation of the Bible be correct,it cannot be the word of God—for it gives him a character the very reverse of that which reason and conscience affirm.”(Patton, 6) Patton’s second argument, is that by holding proslavery views, these subsets of the church create infidelity (people of other faith) among both slaves and freedmen. To prove this, Patton quotes former slave-owner Reverend J.D. Paxton, who said that “It is often said… that there is a growing indisposition among slaves to worship with their masters and attend on the preaching of whites. Now that this prejudice in slaves, against worshipping with the whites, may be traced mainly to the system of slavery is to me most certain”(Patton, 10). Patton then quotes a letter written to the popular abolitionist newspaper, The Emancipator, where the writer was discussing religion with an infidel, and he writes that “The first argument he brought against the Scriptures was the assertion that they sanctioned slavery; and to prove it, quoted Gov. Hammond, and prominent Doctors of Divinity,

George S. Patton Jr. was born on November 11, 1885, in San Gabriel, California (Gale 2). His parents were George Smith Patton and Ruth Wilson. Their family was very wealthy because of his mother’s father; he was a successful businessman (Ford 1734). Patton Jr. went to private school when he was twelve years old. The school was a wealthy school full of rich families. In 1902, Patton Jr. decided to go into the military. He attended the military academy at West point, New York. There, he met Beatrice Banning Ayer, daughter of a successful industrialist, who later became his wife. George Patton Jr. was a very athletic young man who played football at West Point, but unfortunately, he broke his arm while playing the sport he loved. He soon became excellent at track and field. He finished fifth in Stockholms Summer Olympics in 1912. George Patton Jr. graduated from West Point in June 1909 (Ford 1735).

George Smith Patton Jr. was one of the most aggressive generals the allies had during WWII. As a German official said, “Patton was the smartest and most skillful general during WWII.” Patton was known as “Old Blood and Guts” throughout the end of WWII. If all of this is true then, what kind of an impact did he have on the war?

“It is foolish and wrong to mourn the men who dies. Rather we should thank God that such men lived.” This famous quote was first stated by General George Smith Patton Jr, one of the most famous field commanders in U.S history. Patton is extremely well known for his courage, bravery, and his character. His fellow soldiers loved him as well, and they gave him nicknames such as “Bandito” and “Old Blood and Guts.” General Patton once said, “Success is how high you bounce when you hit the bottom,” and in my opinion, when Patton hit the bottom, he bounced very high. (biography.com)

Emperor Andronikos attempts were feeble due to the large amount of disagreement on central church issues and decisions between both churches, as “The Roman Church, however, from its very nature, could not easily make concessions,” leaving the Eastern Empire to fend for itself and causing division between theologians, scholars and the average individual on the topic of religion. However in 1453 when the Byzantine Empire was finally put to rest and the siege of constantinople had been completed the scene described through the eyes of a Venetian surgeon named Nicolo Barbaro outlines the initial Ottoman policy towards non-muslim individuals, “all through the day the Turks made a Great slaughter of Christians through the city. The blood flowed like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm.” However this only lasted for three days in which the sultan had promised his soldiers mass looting and reward, once this period of terror was over Sultan Mehmed II then issued a proclamation which called upon all greeks in hiding to emerge and return to their homes promising that “their lives and their possessions would now be undisturbed.” This led to a lasting Ottoman policy of allowing the Byzantine Patriarch to remain and the Orthodox christian faith to avoid persecution within Byzantine territories as long as they followed the Sharia law implemented the

First, the Ottomans had many successful campaigns in foreign countries. The first successful campaign that was important to the rise of the Empire was the capture of Adrianople in 1361 under Orhan Gazi I. This made the Byzantines change their view and think of the Ottomans as a rising threat. Later, by in 1430, the Sultan Murad II invaded and conquered land in Hungary and the Balkans. Murad’s son, Mehmed II, became the next Sultan and had one of the most significant campaigns for the Ottomans. In 1453, Mehmed II took advantage of the shrinking Constantinople.