2000-word entry from The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender
Hormone Therapy (Cisgender Men and Women)
Psychological
Implications of Hormone Therapy for Cisgender Men and Women
Doctors prescribe hormone therapy for females who have had their ovaries removed, stopped having periods at a young age, or are currently menopausal. Women who are menopausal typically experience hot flashes, irritability, vaginal dryness, or other symptoms of menopause. Males typically receive hormone therapy to treat low testosterone levels; however, recent research has led to hormone therapy being used to treat men with prostate cancer. This entry will explain the psychological implications of hormone therapy for men and women by comparing the biochemical effects
The first step is to __D__efine the research question. You can structure or define your question in two ways. In some cases, you can use a __free-form question__ where you are asking a simple question such as, “Is hormonal birth control safe?” However, this question is very open because there are many factors that can factor into the safety of using birth control in a patient such as method, patient age, or health status. A more defined or __structured question__ would be, “What are the risks of stroke in women over 40 at high risk for blood clots taking hormonal birth control compared to the same population using non-hormonal birth control or no birth control?” The second question is a better question because it is measuring the possible
There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the
Throughout the years the methods of birth control methods have been changed since anyone can remember. Women have went from using acacia leaves with honey, to using a magic pill (PBS, People & Events: Birth Control Before the Pill). Preventing pregnancy meant choosing to wait to have a family. Since the pill was invented, it had caused women to gain power and independence. To this day, four out of five every sexually active women in the U.S. have taken oral contraceptives at some point in their lives (Bloomberg, Birth Control Pill Advanced Women's Economic Freedom).
There is nothing more important in your journey to have the proper support. And I do not mean the family and loved ones support - we will get to them very soon in a later sections. What I really want to talk about is your psychological support from a therapist and finding the right Endocrinologist to medically help you start the transition journey. I found myself really lucky by finding Dr. Michael Caruso in Denver, Colorado, who has served both as my therapist and someone who saw me right away for who I am and helped me in a way I couldn't even imagine a single person could.
The process of transitioning into the opposite sex has made leaps and bounds over the last twenty years. Social transition is a more traditional approach to the transition process. Social transition is modifying how you are seen by society by dressing like the opposite sex, using opposite sex pronouns, acting in such a way that matches your gender identity, etc. Next is legal transition, this is when a person changes legal documents or records to identify with their gender identity. Lastly is a medical transition, this is when the body is physically changed through hormone therapy and/or surgery. (“One Step at a Time”, 2015)
1. Menopause: (from Greek mēn month + pausis halt)- the period in a woman's life when menstruation begins to halt. The average age is 51 but it can occur between the ages of 45 and 55. The menopausal transformation lasts around 4 years.
Why do most women in the pre and post menopause years gain weight? When it starts happening to you it may be a slow “creep up on you” kind of weight. A pound or two, then 4 or 5 and before you know it your entire body has taken on an unknown form and you have an extra 10 or even 20 pounds extra
Burrows, Lara J., Maureen Basha, and Andrew T. Goldstein. "The Effects Of Hormonal Contraceptives On Female Sexuality: A Review." Journal Of Sexual Medicine 9.9 (2012): 2213-2223. PsycINFO. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
A woman's body goes through a lot of changes after her period stops completely. The hormone levels in the body start to drop to a much lower amount. The woman starts to experience those changes which might include hot flashes and a number of other menopausal symptoms. Hormonal replacement treatments are used to end the problems that the menopausal woman complains about. Generally, the hormone replacement treatment consist of estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is a very important hormone that helps keep bones strong. Progesterone is generally combined with estrogen to form an effective hormone replacement treatment for the menopausal woman.
The study of the interaction between hormones and behavior is truly a complex one. It would be simple if it were true that hormones directly cause a behavior. We know the relationship between hormones and behaviors is reciprocal. Higher levels of hormones increase the probability of certain behaviors, and certain behaviors increase the probability of change in hormones. The Biosocial Model was developed to encompass the influences and relationships the social environment, biology, and behavior have with one another, and how they interact to influence one another. Biology affects the type of behavioral response that a person has to the social environment. At the same
In women, estrogen is produced mainly in the ovaries, and produced by fat cells and the adrenal gland; however, estrogen plays a role in the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breasts, pubic hair and armpit hair (“What is Estrogen,” para. 1). Furthermore, estrogen helps regulate the menstrual cycle, controlling the growth of the uterine lining during the first part of the cycle (“What is Estrogen,” para. 2). In addition, men produce estrogen as well, but at lower levels than women. Estrogen in males is secreted by the adrenal glands and by the testes. In men, estrogen is thought to affect sperm count (“What is Estrogen,” para. 7).
The idea of using large doses of estrogen to permanently seal the epiphyseal, or growth plates began in the 1940’s and 1950’s. It was originally used to treat children with acromegaly, or excessive growth disorder caused by the pituitary gland producing excessive growth hormone, GH.(6) When the growth plates are closed at an early age it can reduce a height by several inches. In 2006, the intentions of this type of treatment drastically changed. Douglas Diekema, who was the director of education at the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics at the Seattle Children’s Hospital, and Daniel Gunther, a endocrinologist, announced in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine a new use of estrogen therapy. This time though, it was for
Patient X is a 67year old widowed hospital IT professional who flies propeller crafts for a hobby.
In face, male study participants alluded to the shared process of menopause as having characteristics of the male partners’ helplessness and female partners’ declining sexuality (Liao et al., 2014). Each theme suggested that the changes that the woman experienced more profoundly invoked fear, anxiety, and impotence in male partners who desired to be supportive to their wives. Anxiety and uncertainty regarding the effect of menopause on women’s libido, often thought to halt completely, proved to be common among interviewees (Liao et al.,
Estrogen and testosterone both affect the person’s emotions and feelings differently. They are found in both sexes, but with women having more estrogen than men, and men having more testosterone than women. Estrogen is more likely to cause mood swings, panic attacks, and depression, while testosterone is more likely to cause violence, competitiveness, and increased sex drive. The imbalance can lead women to live more worryful lives. The worst part for any woman is that puberty starts at twelve and roughly lasts until the age of fifty, hormones can affect them for a majority of their lives. Especially after the age of twelve when the menstrual cycle