Hyponatremia Research Paper

While most cells have room to stretch because they are embedded in flexible tissues, this is not the true for neurons. Within the brain cell there is almost zero room to expand and swell. So, brain edema, or swelling, can be disastrous. Rapid and severe hyponatremia causes the entry of water into brain cells leading to brain swelling, which present symptoms of seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brain stem herniation and death.

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Hyponatraemia is a disorder in fluid-electrolyte stability that results in an unusual low plasma sodium concentration. A continuous decrease in plasma sodium concentration upsets the osmotic balance across the blood-brain barrier, ensuing in an direct entry of water into the brain. This causes brain swelling and a flow of gradually more severe neurological responses such as confusion, seizure, coma which can result in death from break of the brainstem. The faster and lower the blood sodium falls, the greater the risk of life-threatening consequences. (Eichner, 2003). Athletes who drink too much water before and during exercise (high endurance) in warm and humid weather are at a higher risk of developing hyponatraemia. In addition, bigger athletes are not resistant to hyponatraemia but smaller

Just thinking about dehydration can make someone just chug gallons of water non stop but it is also dangerous to drink too much water. Overhydration too much or excess water in the body.(mayo) Overhydration can cause nausea and vomiting.(mayo) But that's not it overhydration can also cause headaches, confusion, muscle cramps or spasms ,irritability, loss of energy, seizures, and even a coma. (Mayo) That's a lot of side effects to worry about so try not to get overhydrated.

In Men’s Fitness Magazine, it explains that sodium helps the body hold onto water and helps fluid get to the muscles and blood. Amy Epstein also found that drinking too much water is the cause of hypernatremia, a condition that occurs a lot in athletes who drink a lot of water without the necessary sodium. This can actually cause you to lose fluid (Epstein par. 3-6). Water absorbs quickly into the bloodstream to hydrate the body, but sports drinks absorb even faster because of the minerals contained. Quote

Deficient fluid volume happens when there is a significant loss of fluid and electrolytes as with excessive sweating. Dehydration can occur from an insufficient fluid intake, excessive fluid loss, and fluid shifts. The first sign of dehydration is thirst. If the patient would have drunk water when he first became thirsty, him collapsing may not have occurred, and no further treatment may not have been needed. If fluids continue to be lost, the heart pumps faster but is rapid and weak and causes orthostatic hypotension, explaining his pulse being 136 and blood pressure being 88/52. Orthostatic hypotension may have caused him to collapse due to the

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is the most reasonable explanation of adverse changes in athletes during the marathon events. Physiologically, EAH is defined as plasma- sodium concentration that is below 135mmol/L. According to the decreasing plasma sodium level and individual, there are diverse symptoms such as nausea, headache, lethargy and restlessness. Although the sodium in sports drink could postpone the beginning of hyponatremia, drinking too much could cause hyponatremia (Rosner and Kirven, 2007). That is, hyponatraemia is influenced by both dilution of body sodium in body water overload and depletion of body sodium in body water losses. A decreased plasma sodium concentration lead to an osmotic gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid in brain cells, causing water transfer into cells and increasing intracellular volume (Rosner and Kirven, 2007). It triggers problem regarding tissue oedema, neurological and low blood sodium concentration.

Current guidelines dictate a slow correction of sodium, not exceeding 10 mmol/24 hrs to prevent central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) (Greenberg et al, 2015, Spasovski et al, 2014, Verbalis et al, 2007, Verbalis et al, 2013). CPM is a non-inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by the loss of myelin in the base of the pons and carries a poor prognosis, often times resulting in death. It was first described by Adams et al in 1958, in patients with hyponatremia in the setting of alcoholism and malnutrition (Adams, et al, 1958, Martin, 2004, Staikov, et al, 2015). The exact mechanism of demyelination remains unknown, however one proposed theory is that when osmotically active substances such as sodium are very low in the serum in the setting of hyponatremia, free water shifts into the brain and the brain adapts by allocating water into the cerebrospinal fluid and redirecting intracellular solutes out of the cells. If serum osmolarity rises back to normal too quickly, an osmotic gradient develops and causes destruction of myelin. The pons is vulnerable as it is less capable of transporting solutes across membranes than other areas of the brain leading to localized pontine demyelination. Catastrophic outcomes such as pseudobulbar palsy, spastic tetraparesis, locked-in syndrome and death can occur (Martin, 2004). In the patient described above, he developed

This is what happens when a peron gets dehrited or dose not drink water. you could get dehrited and if that happens you could die from not drinking water. some sitafects of be dehritated are when u have dry mouth or a person might have sour throte or a person could get very tired or have a headache.if a person dose not drink water. if a person dose not drink water he/she could die from it or could get very sick. why it is importent to stay hydrated and drink plenty of water. it is important beacuse if you dont drink plenty of water you could die from dehydration or if u drink littel amounts of water but not all the time you could get very sick and die from that but if you drink water all the time and try to stay hydrated u wont get sick or die. so rember to try to stay hrdrated and drink plenty of water.

According to the National Trauma Institute, hypovolemic shock is the second leading cause of death in people with traumatic injuries. [1] This makes the initial identification and management of Hypovolemia detrimental to the outcome and survival of many patients involved in traumatic events. Hypovolemia refers to a medical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure due to inadequate circulating volume and consecutive inadequate perfusion. [1,2,3]

Enhancement drugs have been used by athletes for a very long time. There are numerous types of drugs used by athletes, including steroids, androstenedione, gonatrophin, diuretics, etc. One of the most common is diuretics. I am going to talk about the cause and effects of this drug on athletes that choose to use this form of enhancement.

Symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea, vomiting, headaches, changes in cognition, restlessness, irritability, muscle weakness or spasms, drowsiness, seizures and coma.

Many things can happen, and they aren’t that good. Sodium imbalance is probably one of the biggest problems. A number of things can happen here, including hyponatremia. If you break down the word, this word does not seem to complicated to define. “Hypo-“ means to have too little of something.

Cardiac arrhythmia or also known as cardiac dysrhythmia is defined as an abnormal heartbeat. The rhythm of the heart beat may be irregular in its pacing or the heart rate could be high or low overall. There are many different types and severities. They can potentially be life threatening, or a person could lead a fully normal life with no complications (Practical Clinical Skills). The main goal discussed in the article that I found was to determine if there was a significant difference in people with cardiac arrhythmia who received traditional Chinese medicine and people with cardiac arrhythmia that did not receive traditional Chinese medicine. They guessed that the people who did get treated with traditional Chinese medicine would have less strokes caused by their cardiac arrhythmia.

Hypoglycemia describes an abnormally low level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, rather it is a sign of a health problem. The aspect of this study is as followed: Hypoglycemia has been a common clinical condition known to affect human development. Little has been done to define the resultant brain biochemical alterations. A controlled study of hypoglycemia in the newborn human infant is impossible, the infant rat was chosen as a model. During this experiment hypoglycemia was induced once daily for 18 days following birth resulted in generalized diminution of brain weight, cellularity, and protein content. The rate of formation of the myelin lipid sulfatide was decreased, as was the quantity of cerebroside-sulfatied in brains of hypoglycemic animals. Phospholipids, gangliosides, and cholesterol were decreased only in proportion to the decrease in the brain weight. Brain glucose and glycogen concentrations were low in the brains of hypoglycemic animals, although ATP and phosphocreatine levels were not decreased.