Critical Analysis H/511 Global Health

Consumption of Tobacco is a worldwide phenomenon. Nearly every country is planning to raise more restrictions around the consumption of Tobacco. The awareness about its ill effects is rising through the corridors of Parliaments of many countries with the help of governmental and non-governmental organizations. There are some internationally recognized organizations like the “World Lung Foundations” that are striving hard to reduce the consumption of tobacco to a bare minimum. There are numerous reasons that support the argument that tobacco should be completely banned from the United Sates.

According to statistics in the 20th century the world over 100 million people died of tobacco-related diseases. However, the proportion of smokers has not decreased, or even increased due to the limited understanding of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, knowledge is limited.

The negative health effects of tobacco use have been well established. Tobacco use has been shown to cause acute and chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, many types of cancer, and is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, causing an estimated 443,000 deaths per year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2004). As the dangers of smoking have become better understood, reducing the number of people who smoke has become a major focus for those interested in public health. Efforts to restrict the advertisement and sale of tobacco, implement public smoking bans, and educate citizens through public service announcements have all had a sizeable effect on smoking rates in the U.S. In Fact, over

According to world health organization (2014) More than 80% of smokers billion people's globally live in low-income and middle-income countries, where the burden of illness caused by tobacco peak, tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the twentieth century. If they are not combat tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million deaths by 2030 and will happen more than 80% of those deaths are in low- and middle-income countries. The largest country that consumes and produces cigarette in the world is China. According to tobacco Atlas (Michael Eriksen, 2002) Smoking is harmful to a large extent as long as tobacco deaths of nearly 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century, and that the number is higher than the number who

The century-long epidemic of cigarette smoking has caused a public health concern of epic proportions. As health concerns about tobacco developed during the 1960s, the federal government moved in and initiated Tobacco Control laws. Smoking among adults in the mid-1960’s was prevalent with 42% of the population smoking compared to 18% in 2012. In 1964, the first report of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health identified smoking as a cause of increased mortality.

The marginal benefit and marginal cost of cigarettes are in competitive market equilibrium without government intervention, however, the negative social cost of smoking to society would likely lead to market failure without the involvement of the government (reference). Tobacco not only affects the health of its consumers, it can also affect the health of non-smokers who involuntarily inhale second-hand smoke (reference). With the continuation of tobacco consumption, society faces increased tax rates, a loss of productivity and an opportunity cost from patients suffering tobacco-induced health problems, potentially robbing others with unpreventable conditions from the medical resources and treatment they require. Each year Australians spend

Smoking is established as a recognized cause of cancer, lung disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke(US Public Health Service,1964,Doll R 1976,1994, US Department of Health and Human Services,1989).it is considered to be the single most important avoidable cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the world. WHO has estimated that there are about 1100 million smokers worldwide; this represents about one-third of the global population aged over 15 years (WHO,1997). About 73% of these smokers (700 million males, 100 million females) are in developing countries; in industrialized countries there are 200 million male smokers and 100 million female smokers. In the over 15-year-old population of developing countries, it is estimated that about 48% of males and 7% of females are smokers. The corresponding figures for industrialized countries are 42% for males and 24% for females (WHO,1997).

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016), Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Furthermore, the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products contributes to the death of 1 out of every five deaths in the United States. Moreover, I believe that the potential impact of shorting an individual’s life by allowing the tobacco industry to provide a message that seeks to promote the use of this deadly product.

The need to enforce stricter regulations for tobacco control by local communities and individual states is the health policy issue being analyzed. According to The Healthy People (2010) tobacco use and the availability of its products are harmful to our population in various ways, ranked as one of the top ten leading indicators for health concern. The addictive nature of tobacco has created a high demand for their products, boosting the tobacco industry 's profits tremendously, and states gaining revenue from taxation on it has contributed to the issues and reasoning states lack enforcing stricter controls. Regulations have been set in place from the federal government in efforts to control tobacco regulation gaining some control over distribution.The federal government 's actions and implementations have affected the tobacco control authority of state and local governments. The need for additional stricter regulations and laws by individual states are needed to reduce the tobacco consumption for their targeted populations.

While by in large America has a decreasing rate of smoking the south has not reached the same rates of decline as other parts of the country. The problem can be seen through higher rates of lung cancers and other respiratory ailments; the health risk contributes to an increased cost burden on a group of Americans already considered to be poorer than the rest of the country. One possible solution to the problem of US smoking rates is combating it through stronger anti-smoking laws. The government has already reduced rates by limiting smoking in public spaces, and it has proposed to raise the smoking age which could play an important role in decreasing the percentage of smokers in the long term. It is also important to consider the tobacco industry’s

There are many cities who have implemented bans on cigarettes, but China overall is still the leading consumer of cigarettes in the world. A countrywide tax on cigarettes has been proposed to their Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Economics and Trade, but a decision has yet to be made. Tobacco production provides substantial revenue to the government and a tax increase will have a significant effect on the central government and reduction of consumption of cigarettes. According to a study done by the group proposing the tax, “a 25% tax increase will have an overall monetary benefit that far exceeds the negative impact on the cigarette industry and tobacco farmers. In financial terms alone, not counting the number of lives saved and medical care cost savings, the gain of the central government tax revenue (24.58 billion Yuan) twice exceeds the loss of tobacco farmers’ earnings, tobacco industry workers’ earning and loss of industry and local government revenue (11.74 billion Yuan)” (Hu TW 107). There many components to this calculation, but some factors included the reduction of cigarette consumption, the number of lives saved, savings in medical care costs, gains in productivity due to avoidance of premature death, industry revenue lost, lost jobs in cigarette industry, loss of tobacco income, and loss of local government

Tobacco is the only legal drug that has ended up in the deaths of its many users. Other than the deaths, tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of ill health, and disability. The deaths are mostly from noncommunicable chronic diseases (e.g., lung cancer and cardiovascular disease) as well as communicable diseases such as tuberculosis. Each year, around 5 million people across the globe lose their lives due to direct tobacco smoking, most of them being premature deaths. These serious damages caused by tobacco smoking indicate that tobacco control must be given high priorities so as to improve the global public health.

In the article, “Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco” that was published in January 2014 by Global Health, Prabhat Jha and Richard Peto talked about the effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. The information that is presented is useful information for my research paper for many reasons. Prabhat Jha and Richard Peto provide a lot of good and useful information backing up their arguments with data, tables, and charts of information. The goal of this argument and article is to provide the information on the effects of long time smoking, and the prices everybody else is having to pay on the taxing of tobacco.

The FCTC was conceived within a milieu of significant tobacco usage; in 2005, there were more than 1.25 billion smokers worldwide (Roemer, Taylor & Lariviere, 2005). The origins of the FCTC lie in a push for the WHO to employ its constitutional powers to establish international conventions with a view to advance global health, particularly related to tobacco use. Having first been conceptualised in 1993, this proposal was delivered to the WHO by Roemer and Taylor in 1995. In 1996, the World Health Assembly voted for its development to proceed (Roemer et al., 2005). The framework was adopted by consensus in 2003, before entering into force in 2005 (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2005).

This analysis of the diagrams represents how little difference is tax is likely to make because of the inaccuracy of the theoretical analysis and the large inelasticity of PED. I have represented the inelasticity by a steep curve for demand and the PMB in each of the graphs so that a unitary increase in price will cause a very small decrease in demand. As such a regressive tax will not only cause a small change in demand but displacement within the poorer communities, I will say that a tax is not an efficient or even moral way to tackle the issue of the negative externalities caused by smoking. But smoking is not just a production issue; it is also a consumerism issue. Too many cigarettes are being consumed, and so I believe that a value judgement towards the most effective method of reducing the negative externalities caused by