Intracranial Pressure (Icp

(Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, p 703) defined Blood Pressure (BP) as ‘the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood, and is expressed in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)’. BP is still one of the essential and widely used assessment tools in healthcare settings. Nurses generally record the arterial BP which is the forced exerted blood that flows through the arteries, to establish a baseline and to determine any risk factors. BP

Pulse oximeter used to check his oxygen saturation level, which was 98% on air with no central or peripheral cyanosis. Since Mr Devi, does not seem to have any sign of abnormal respiration. The next assessment is circulation, where there are many physical signs to look for. The colour of the hand and digits, are they blue, pink, pale or mottled. Also need to measure for capillary refill time (CRT) by applying cutaneous pressure for 5 Sec on a fingertip held at heart level of Mr. Devi. The normal value of CRT is usually less than 2 second prolonged CRT suggests poor peripheral perfusion. Measure his Blood Pressure (B/P), count pulse rate by listening to the heart with a stethoscope or palpate peripheral and central pulses, assessing for the presence, rate, quality, regularity and equality. All of this assessment indicates the cardiovascular system in the patient is within the normal range or is there any emergency measures should take (Resus.org.uk 2016). However, Mr Devi’s circulation is a concern because his HR was 110bpm which is higher than normal range, the normal heart beat for adults ranges from 60-100bpm. Also his BP was 190/99mmhg with mean arterial pressure (MAP) of

However, it can also result from certain neurologic disorders — especially life-threatening increased intracranial pressure (ICP) — or from cardiovascular disorders that cause blood backflow into the heart with each contraction such as aortic insufficiency. Widened pulse pressure can easily be identified by monitoring arterial blood pressure and is commonly detected during routine sphygmomanometer recordings (Lippincott, 2005, pg 527-528).

If the resistance increases, cardiac output decreases and the blood pressure increase and if the resistance decreases, cardiac output increase and the blood pressure decreases. During each contraction, the amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle is stroke volume. The number of heartbeat in each minute is known as heart rate. The normal heart rate value for adult is 60-100 beats per minute. The cardiac output is directly proportional to the stroke volume and heart rate. The average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle is mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is directly related to the cardiac output and resistance. The instrument sphygmomanometer with an air cuff attached to the reservoir is used to detect blood pressure associated with the pulse.

* Protect the patient with ICP from self-injury with adequate padding on the bed. Because of likelihood of decreased LOC, confusion, agitation, and the possibility of seizures increase the risk for injury.

The research conducted by Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio and Braun (1999) is a quantitative study of the significance of crossing the legs while blood pressure is being measured. The purpose of the research was to determine whether leg-crossing impacted the results of blood pressure measurements. The research conducted by Palese, Skrap, Fachin, Visioli and Zannini (2008) is a qualitative study of the subjective data collected from patients who experienced while-awake craniotomies.

A Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less also is an indication that the patient will need to be intubated soon. Once the tube is placed the ventilation may be useful in controlling the intracranial pressure as an intervention. Hyperventilation is a method used to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration in the vessels causing vasoconstriction which lessens the amount of blood circulating in the brain resulting in a decreased ICP (Zink and McQuillan, 2005). According to Zink and McQuillan, this intervention should only be utilized 24 hours after the initial injury because cerebral blood flow is often reduced at this point and constricting the vessels more may cause ischemia to occur. While using this technique it is important to monitor oxygenation to the brain tissue to assure no irreparable damage is

Traumatic Brain Injury isn’t a true leading cause of death but also represents a financial and personal burden, on the individual and the family. The injury affects all 3 parts within the intracranial space, also includes brain bulk, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and brain blood volume. Brain bulk increases after water influx to brain tissue or inflammatory response. CSF dynamics can be changed because of communicating hydrocephalus. Brain blood volume within the arterial and venous systems may cause a secondary injury. Also, it says, Intracranial pressure monitoring possibly will be effectively done by the means of an intraventricular catheter, enabling Cerebrospinal Fluid drainage and providing excellent Intercranial Pressure waveforms, facilitating ICP pulse-wave assessment of intracranial compliance.

Intracranial pressure stands as the compression in the inner part of the skull, in the brain tissue, and the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, in a situation whereby the individual has an enormous bleeding, contusion, and brain laceration, which possibly will necessitate surgical interventions. The initial intervention is to physiologically stabilize the patient by monitoring the patient blood pressure and oxygen; given pain medication and complementary oxygen; treating seizures or fever, offering sedation and mechanical support for

A number of factors oppose this force such as, "a raised intracranial pressure, increased blood viscosity, and narrowing of the vascular diameter." Cerebral blood flow is relatively unchanged even with such opposing forces. This involves a special autoregulatory response. When arterial blood pressure drops, then the cerebral vascular resistance also is lowered. The opposite is also true to prevent a drastic increase in pressure within the cerebral vasculature. However, this autoregulatory system breaks down when the pressure falls very low.

Blood pressure in our blood vessels is monitored by the baroreceptors. These receptors send messages to the cardio regulatory center of the medulla oblongata to regulate our blood pressure every minute. In order for blood to be delivered to all organs and tissues, our cardiovascular system must always maintain adequate blood pressure. If the blood pressure drops too low, these organs will not receive an adequate of nourishing blood. Also if the pressure goes too high, the walls of the arteries will stretch and increased activity within the baroreceptor, information will then be sent through the nerves to the cardio regulatory center within the medulla which will responds by initiating the mechanisms that decrease the blood pressure to a normal

A multitude of organs and body systems are affected by this disorder. When the demand for oxygen delivery from the blood exceeds the available blood supply for a particular organ, the organ becomes ischemic. Increased perfusion to the brain, kidneys and other major organs can cause them to fail. As time progresses all of the body’s systems are impaired in one way or another. [Medicinenet (2009) p2]

Explain what happens if the blood pressure of a person falls below the set point?

According to research, more than 1 in 3 individuals of the American population have some form of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is at the forefront for being the most widespread circulatory problem in adults. This condition is distinguished by a person having consistent elevated blood pressure. Although the ranges for healthy blood pressure is different for everyone, medicine tells us that the ideal pressure should remain near 120/80 mmHg. These numbers are a representation of the force being exerted into our arterial system. The first number (Systolic) displays the amount of force upon the arterial walls while the heart beats. Whereas, the second reading (Diastolic) is a measurement of pressure while the heart is relaxed. One notably

pressure varies person to person depending on a variety of personal factors. Blood pressure is an