Ipo : Ipo Methods And Ipo Pricing Phenomena

Introduces the concepts of finance. Reviews the basic tools and their use for making financial decisions. Explains how to measure and compare risks across investment opportunities. Analyzes how the firm chooses the set of securities it will issue to raise capital from investors as well as how the firm’s capital structure is formed. Examines how the choice of capital structure affects the value of the firm. Presents valuation and integrate risk, return and the firm’s choice of capital structure.

An initial public offering (IPO) is defined as the first offering of shares by a private company to the public. A share is one of a finite number of equal portions of the capital of a company that entitles the shareholder to a proportion of distributed, non-reinvested profits known as dividends, and to a portion of the value of the company in case of liquidation. Shares can be either voting or non-voting, meaning that the shareholder may have the right to vote on the board of directors and thus the corporate policy (Draho, 2004).

Financial theory accepts the belief that a share’s return should be proportional to the risk received by its holder. There is a need of a risk-return equilibrium model. Since the nativity of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), an equilibrium model was only the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The CAPM constitutes of two types of returns, the risk free rate of returns of the Treasury bills and beta times the return on the market portfolio. The following equation is the basis of this model:

An auction-based IPO uses the Internet to open a company’s IPO stock for purchase to more potential investors. This process allows a company to spend less on their underwrite fees. The company

The process of determining the IPO share price as an indicator of value is extremely significant for a company. Determining the share price target range depends on a number of factors, including the success of the “road show,” demand from investors, and comparison with other IPO valuations from similar companies. The final IPO share price will be somewhere within the target range and the market response to the IPO is a measure of whether the share price was correctly valuated.

JETBLUE AIRWAYS IPO VALUATION My neighbor called me the other day and she said, 'You have an interesting little boy. ' Turns out, the other day, she asked my son Daniel what he wanted for Christmas. And he said, 'I want some stock. ' 'Stock? ' she said. 'Don 't you want video games or anything? ' 'Nope, ' he said, 'I just want stock. JetBlue stock. ' --David Neeleman, CEO and Founder, JetBlue Airways It was the first week of April 2002, barely two years since the first freshly-painted JetBlue plane rolled out at the company’s home base at New York City’s John F. Kennedy (JFK) Airport. JetBlue’s first years had been good ones. Despite the challenges facing the U.S. airline industry following the aircraft

future performances and ends with the choice of portfolio. This paper is concerned with the

Google is a large technology firm based in America. It focuses on services and products related to internet search, online advertising, and cloud computing. The company’s founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, started the company on 4th September 1998 (Google, 2016). Google first listed on the public stock exchange on August 19, 2004, with an initial public offer of 19,605,052 shares of Class A common stock, at a price of $85 per share (Google, 2016). The world highly anticipated Google’s initial public offering and the initial market capitalization was $23 billion. The price earnings ratio then was $ 80 (Ritter, 2014). As of May 2016, Google’s market capitalization stood at $ 82.5 billion. This paper analyzes Google’s performance in the American stock exchange.

This paper tends to evaluate the various strategies used in stock markets by different companies in order to regain market strength and to secure more4 reliable returns to the companies. This paper highlights about two major companies in the stock market, the AAPL and GOOGL company. The two companies use the same strategies in the operations of their stick markets and hence they can be easily analyzed together and compared in regard to their mode of operation and their success.

One of the reasons is that Chinese IPO markets are known to be extremely underpriced and as a result China ranks first among 45 countries with respect to IPO underpricing. Guo et al. (2011) also suggested that there is a great number of optimistic investors waiting for high initial-day returns despise the greatly reduced potential benefit from IPOs, nevertheless they are still thought to be highly profitable. Lastly, during the last decade or so the IPO market in China has developed and maintained a good track record for profits. Consequently, the China example is encouraging to support the investors’ desire to launch XYZ Construction, Inc. IPO, which as aforementioned may very well benefit from an underpriced IPO market. Additionally, it is prudent to point out that there are expenses associated with an IPO yet these are worth in the long run. As suggested by Booth (2011.) “Underpricing comes at the expense of the original owners and venture capitalists of the issuing firm” (Booth, 2011, p. 4). However, there is a general tendency that investors do not sell their shares after the lockup period expires, nevertheless, underpricing will be considered a predictable cost of going public (Booth, 2011). Lastly, XYZ Construction, Inc. stakeholders should realize encouraging results as capital is generated while simultaneously growing the market capital in both domestic and international markets.

As indicated by the case study S&P 500 index was use as a measure of the total return for the stock market. Our standard deviation of the total return was used as a one measure of the risk of an individual stock. Also betas for individual stocks are determined by simple linear regression. The variables were: total return for the stock as the dependent variable and independent variable is the total return for the stock. Since the descriptive statistics were a lot, only the necessary data was selected (below table.)

When a firm has decided to undertake an initial public offering (IPO), the firm needs to determine how it wants to go about that process. There are a number of factors that the company needs to take into consideration. These include the expected buyers, the price, the method of the offering (online or traditional) and the choice of brokerage. Avaya is a phone systems maker that has a value of approximately $1 billion. The market for technology-based IPOs is good right now, with several companies coming to market. Not all the IPOs have been successful, but certainly firms whose brands are known like LinkedIn have been successful. For companies with a lower profile among consumers, they are more likely to sell their IPOs to institutional investors such as mutual funds, pension funds and high net worth investors that constitute the preferred clients of brokerage houses.

(Q1) Janet Richards and Gilbert Baker own a small firm named InterCat. The firm specializes in the creation and maintenance of Internet catalogues aimed at small businesses. It currently employs around 50 people, most of whom are computer programmers and analysts that follow the high technology market closely. As partners of the firm, they have decided to continue growing and to capture new business from its competitors. To do so, they have decided to start the process of making an initial public offering (IPO). The goal is to start this process as quickly as possible for several reasons, including becoming first to market to capture most of the market share, obtaining a good stock price, and to be one of the few private firms in the

IPO stands for initial public offer; it is offered by a new publicly listed company of share, and occurs when a company goes from being privately held to publicly owned with shares trading on stock market. IPO could fund for new companies. It’s a cheaper way to raise funds than issuing bonds and borrowing from banks, but required funding will not be raised when people don’t buy its share (Viney 2015). Although Australian IPO is not as stable as in China, always increasing in the first a few days, it still attracts many investors.

As I began to do research on IPO’s, I wanted to make sure that I had a clear understanding of what exactly an IPO was. Initial Public Offering can be defined as the first sale of stock by a formerly private company. An IPO (Initial Public Offering) can be used by either small or large companies to raise expansion capital and become publicly traded enterprises. Many companies that undertake an IPO also request the assistance of an Investment Banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter to help them correctly asses the value of their shares, that is, the share price. http://www.ipoinitialpublicofferings.com/ipo-definitions.htm#Initial_Public_Offering2