Killer Cnidarian Case

Jellyfish stings are a major and increasing problem in Australia and require prompt medical treatment to prevent extensive injury or death (1). There are many methods to the treatment of Box Jellyfish envenomation in Australia; from sea water and ice, to vinegar and urine (1). Therefore, it is vital to remain relevant with current research and literature on the best treatment of this controversial topic, to ensure patients are receiving the best possible care. This paper will include a reflective paper on current literature pertaining to the topic and the practicality of interventions and methods of management in the out-of-hospital setting. Furthermore, utilising this information, a critique of current local clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and Justifications and recommendations for amendments will be made.

Moon Jellyfish are in the “Animalia Kingdom, Phylum Cnidarian, Class Scyphozoan, Order Semaeostomeae, Family Ulmaridae, and Genus Aurelia” ( Myers, 2016 ; Espinosa, ; 2016 ; Parr, 2016 ; Jones, 2026 ; Hammond, 2016 ; Dewey, 2016). The morphological description of Cnidarians are corals, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids. These cnidarians form a diverse phylum that contains ~9000 species, which live in aquatic (predominantly marine) environments. The phylum-defining trait of Cnidaria is the stinging cell, the nematocyte an extrusive organelle used for predation, adhesion and defense (Holstein, 1981; Lengfeld et al., 2009; Tardent and Holstein, 1982) (Steele and Technau; 2011). Also, this phylum, Cnidarians, are divided into two groups, “Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals and sea pens), which live as

To begin with, there are many ways that jellyfish can harm us, with jellyfish stings being the most common. For example, www.citylab.com states, “Every year around the world there are an estimated 150 million jellyfish stings, according to recent research.”

There are many destructive ways that the Florida red tide harms the living things along the Gulf Coast. Documented evidence in the past decade indicates that Karenia brevis red tide blooms exposures of brevetoxins were responsible for massive deaths among sea mammals, fishes, birds and sea turtles. These poisonous chemicals transferred through the food chain and all

The southern blue-ringed octopus is only the size of a golf ball or smaller and weighs only about 38 grams. Their arms can grow to be about 15 cm long. Thousands of people suffer the bites from the southern blue-ringed octopus. Sadly some of these bites can mean death for some people. Most bites happen in the shallow parts of the ocean. The people that are most likely to get bit are young adults and children. If you see someone get bit you need to call 911 immediately so that they have a better chance of living. Some symptoms are vomiting, changes in you vison, and difficulty swallowing. After five to ten minutes you may have a hard time breathing and you can become paralyzed. If you get a bunch of poison and didn’t know that you got bit, you could die. Most people that have gotten bit say that it does not hurt at all. So if you want to go swimming in the shallow parts of the ocean make sure you shuffle your feet so that way you don’t step on

In the article,”Australia has lots of venomous critters,bug stings,bites rarely deadly” by the Newsela staff talks about how many people are scared of animals in Australia. Like there is a box jellyfish that it’s consider the most toxic sea animal on the planet and it can release strong chemicals that it even can take someone life away.

The Kelp has a rich supply of iodine, calcium, sulfur, and silicon in their tissue. Kelp is also a dietary supplement for humans. Another plant species, The Open-Brain Coral, also contributes to the ocean floor. The Open- Brain Coral is found in major coral reefs of the world. This specific type of coral looks like a human brain that was split open. They feed after sunset, and eat many types of small creatures with tentacles. There are also various types of seaweed in many sorts of types of colors. The Red Algae is one of the old types of algae in the ocean. It contains over 7,000 species. There are various different types of animals that lie beneath the ocean floor. Then there are many different types of creatures. The Clownfish is a rare fish that reaches 4.3 inches in length. There are about 30 known species of Clownfish. All are born male, but have the ability to switch their sex, but only to become the dominant female of the group. The Giant Tube Worms reach up to 8 feet in length and 1.6 inches in diameter. They grow rapidly and quickly. They don’t have eyes, mouth, stomach, or legs, so they crawl to get around. They can survive in complete darkness, on dept of 5.280 feet. Tube Worms live in symbiosis, a mutually beneficial

A way fish evolve to to live in these areas is to have more defense, Some fish have venom like the box jellyfish. The Box Jellyfish is one of the most dangerous species of jellies. Their venom can kill a fully grown human in as little as three minutes! The first person to ever survive a box jellyfish sting was a 10-year-old girl named Rachael Shardlow.

Their main predators are the lion’s mane jellyfish, birds and turtles. The sting produced by these particular nematocytes does not harm humans and is described as mild.

NIBCO already had an established customer base. Prior to the upgrade to SAP R/3, NIBCO’s last big IT investment was made about 5 years ago and their IT applications were considerably old.

and only one is needed for the dry berries. This leaves two available to process wet berries, which at the rate of 1,050 bbls./hr. only need one as well.

Cassiopea xamachana, more commonly known as the upside down jellyfish, is commonly found in the Caribbean Sea and parts of the western Atlantic Ocean. It lives near the bottoms of inshore ponds and bays and other shallow, tropical waters. The upside down jellyfish can be found in sandy mudflats as well. It is native to the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, but has also been introduced to the Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

This sea cucumber species is easily identifiable by its vibrant yellow color. Some individuals may even have thick, faded gray stripes along the body. They do not grow large in size like some sea cucumbers, but rather grow up to about 2.5-3 inches in length. There are thorn-like protrusions off of their soft, cylindrical body that line five longitudinal ridges of the body thus giving them a pentaradial symmetry. On the underside of the yellow sea cucumber, there are three rows of tube feet that allow for individuals to attach to various surfaces such as rocks and sponges (Figure 1) (“Yellow Sea Cucumber: Colochirus robustus” 2017). These tube feet are controlled through the use of a water vascular system that allows for general movement (Prusch and Whoriskey 1976). At the anterior end of the yellow sea cucumber, or oral end, there are eight feathery feeding tentacles that extend around the mouth (“Yellow Sea Cucumber: Colochirus robustus” 2017).

A Cnidarian is a animal that has stinging cells. Cnidaria comes from “cnidos” a Greek word meaning stinging nettle. If you touch a Cnidarian you will understand how they get there name. Cnidarians include: Jellyfish, coral animals, and Sea Anemones. Cnidarians live in water and lake environments, the Great Barrier Reef and arctic oceans. Cnidarians have many predators, predators range depending on the animal. For the Jellyfish the predators are other Jellyfish, Tuna, Sharks, salmon, and some Sea Turtles. Jellyfish prey can be anything from small plankton to some small fish depending on the size of the Jellyfish. Other Cnidarians such as Sea Anemones have more predators such as: snail, sea slugs, eels, butterfly fish, crabs,

On the Great Barrier Reef lives the Whitetip Reef Shark, Triaenodon Obesus, prefers to eat crabs and octopi, as well as other animals of the sea. The scientific name for the octopus is Octopoda. The relationship between the Whitetip and the octopus is an example of predation. Predation is the preying of one animal on other animals. The species of octopi are usually mostly carnivores, although some are omnivores. The Whitetip Reef Shark species is also a carnivorous species. Another organism that lives on the reef is the sea cucumber. The sea cucumber, or Holothuroidea, is a decomposer that lives on the reef floor and eats animal wastes as it crawls along. A threat to the reef, specifically the coral, is the Acanthaster planci, otherwise known as the crown-of-thorns starfish. This starfish is a predator to the coral because it eats the live