Lab 13 Essay

• *Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and of RNA molecules. Reference Table 4.1.

Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense.

94. You are studying for a test and you want to make sure that you thoroughly incorporate the new information into your memory network. What would be the best strategy for you to use?

B.  Justify each of your modifications in parts A1 and A2 based on specific current industry standards that are applicable to the case study.

3. A strand of DNA serves as a template (model) for the synthesis of RNA molecules.

a. Seeing that Gary Spalding is ageing, a part-time stand-in needs to be recruited and Gary 's soft and hard skills are transferred to him gradually.

a. Student becomes a more active learner due to the lack of teacher who are willing to provide all the information to student.

Deletion – this is the removal of a gene portion on a DNA strand. Consequently the sequencing of the amino acid on the polypeptide chain is altered, resulting to production of a wrong protein, also have Frameshift impact on the protein.

23) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is

Nitrogenous bases can either be A, G, C, or T. These letters are significant because when they are put into certain orders, form different instructions and form different sets of rules. A stands for adenine, G stands for guanine, C stands for cytosine, and T stands for thymine. All of these nucleotides make up the double helix that is the main structure of DNA. A mutation is a natural process that changes and substitutes a DNA’s sequence of codons and bases. The order of the codons is crucial because, as stated above, directly relate to the instructions that are written for specific parts of the human. The most common form of a mutation is a single base being substituted for another. But mutations are not always negative. Mutation generates new variations that can give an individual a survival advantage (Health Sciences). A healthy gene is different from a mutated gene because a healthy gene has information that fits in the specific human body. A mutated gene is a gene that has information that is distorted, and will contribute differently during the process if creating a human. As an example, during protein synthesis, there can be point mutations, which leads to deformed red blood cells in sickle cell disease. In Tay Sachs disease, the mutated gene leads to raised toxic levels in the spinal cord and the brain (Health Sciences). Overall, the idea of the structure of DNA and the idea of mutations help to explain genetic disorders because both are involved in making

An insertion mutation occurs when one or more nitrogenous bases are inserted into a DNA strand. For example, if the original DNA strand without a mutation reads TAC/AAC/GGT/TGG/ATT, then an extra adenine was inserted into the fourth codon, then the new mutated DNA would read TAC/ACC/GGT/TAG/GAT/T. All codons after the mutation are shifted to the right, and completely changed. Once the unaffected DNA strand is transcribed into mRNA, it reads AUG/UUG/CCA/ACC/UAA. However, with the mutation, the mRNA strand reads AUG/UUG/CCA/AUC/CUA/A. The process of translation would then follow to create the amino acid chain. The original amino acid chain, without the mutation, is Methionine/Leucine/Proline/Threonine/Stop, but after the

the same sentence, given by the students, by changing the position of the adverb. Mark the

Gene expression is regulated by the cell, and genetic mutations can cause permanent changes in the cell’s genetic material. Specifically, one type of mutation that occurs in a cell’s DNA is a nonsense point mutation. In this type of mutation, a chemical change in only one nitrogenous base results in a premature stop codon. This causes the translation to end early. In the given strand of DNA, the nitrogenous base Adenine was affected. Thymine was substituted in Adenine’s place. Therefore, the amino acid chain was altered, causing a premature stop codon. The sequence no longer continued after the stop codon was in place due to the mutation. However, if no mutation occurred, the polypeptide

DNA contains short sections of genes at regular intervals which store genetic information, this is known as the genetic code. The genetic code is the sequence of bases in the gene which will code for a particular protein. The genetic code is read in terms of triplets, every three bases is a triplet which codes for one amino acid. The genetic code is translated by reading each triplet in turn whilst assembling the chain of amino acids based on the triplets [ 4 ]. So it other words the genetic code determines the sequence of amino acids, and depending on the sequence of amino acids a protein is produced. Any small change such as a change in one of the bases can result in a protein not working as it should and can therefore be harmful. The body can create 20 amino acids itself, all of which are coded for by the base sequence in the DNA. Three bases code for one amino acid therefore you have 64 triplets (codon’s) that code for 20 amino acids, 3 of those triplets are stop codon’s (UGA,UAA, UAG) which signal the end of the genetic code, they do not code for an amino acid. And there is one start codon which signals the beginning of the genetic code. However if the start codon (AUG) is found elsewhere

(Activity A) Based on the information you have at the end of Part 1, what do you think the key