Loewen: Textbook Analysis

James W. Loewen, essay “The Land of Opportunity,” discusses how many times Americans don’t know about social classes and the effects they have on society. Loewen argues that the common American people aren’t given equal opportunity in this day in age. He says that American history books have great influenced what we see about the class system because a great deal of history is often left out.

In reality class always matters and it shapes our interests in life. We all come from different background and ethnicity. I believe that class is shaped mainly by income and occupation. However, many people think if a person is wealthy, therefore, he belongs in the upper class. But there are other factors that define class and it is more than just how much money you have. It can be the network of people that surrounds, traditions, and academic status that can also define class. Many of it has to do in which family you have been born and network that creates it. All of my family members have been born and raised in Russia; they completed universities, got jobs, and had enough income to support a family. “Each of us is born into a family with a particular class identity and class history—sometimes it is a mixed or hybrid identity—but almost always it is part of a network of other relationships—to other families in a community, to work and jobs, and to institutions” (Zandy 112).

The concept of social class has been around for ages and is still a part of today’s society. Social class is not only based on the individual’s wealth but also on their social standing such as; monarchs, priests, nobles, merchants, and peasant class. The peasant class was practically ignored, which means that the higher classes would only pay attention to each other. This can be the case in society today, there are some people who feel that their career makes them higher than a janitor. Even though humans have been around for centuries, social class is still a big issue.

In the first article titled “Class in America” by Gregory Mantsios the discussion on class affecting the United States negatively is brought up. Gregory talks about the fact that people do not choose to be poor but they are put into situations where they cannot move up in class. Due to the fact that class creates an immense gap in communities, there are many issues linked to being categorized as the lower class. In the article Gregory states that “class affects more than lifestyle and material well being. It has a significant impact on our physical and mental well-being as well.” CITE) The author connects the idea that if you are in the lower class than you will also deal with other issues include your mental and physical health declining. Alongside this idea, the author also states “All Americans do not have an equal opportunity to succeed, and class mobility in the United States is lower than that of the rest of the industrialized world. (CITE) This goes along with the idea that once your born into a class, breaking out of it is virtually impossible. The author is also making the point that in the United States class is more problematic than other developed nations and because of this not everyone is given the chance to break free from a poor lifestyle.

Teachers tend to skim over the end of textbooks, which contain more recent events, maybe because there is not enough time in the year to finish teaching the entire book, but also teacher tend to just touch on these subjects because they can be controversial especially if it happened in or around their lifetime. Surveying the books, it shows that more recent decades in our textbooks contain less than half the amount of pages than a chapter taking place in the 1930’s; however, it is possible that these chapters are shorter because there has been less time spent studying current events. Studying more recent events in classrooms seems like a good topic for discussion considering the students and teachers could understand different opinions about a topic they or someone they know have lived through, hopefully giving a better understanding. Not going into more detail about current events leaves us continuing to

America is the land of opportunity and equality. Many people grow up believing this to be absolutely true, but Stephen Marche feels otherwise. He wrote “We Are Not All Created Equal,” arguing his point that opportunities in this country are strictly determined by the fate of ones class in society. Marche starts off making a strong case by mentioning the United States’ third place ranking for the least amount of social mobility. In further attempts to prove his point he outlines how class determines the fate of Americans place in society by comparing it’s rigid divisions to those of the aristocracy in Britain. There is a repeating idea throughout the paper that many people in the upper classes love to assume that the poor should fault themselves for their predicament due to their lack of hard work. Marche knocks that assumption out the park with statistical evidence to back up his claims. Although he made a very convincing argument with facts, he had a host of overgeneralized statements throughout the paper, which ultimately weakened his argument of class being the only determining factor of success in America.

Social class describes the different "layers" that exist in society. These "layers," or classes in society, are a division that civilization has been running on ever since the beginning of mankind. In most modern societies, our system of social class division is one of opportunity. We experience a good deal of social mobility, where people through generations or in their own lifetime can move up or down the social scale. By examining the many different perceptions of social class along with S.E. Hinton's The Outsiders, it is illustrated that social class has an impact on people while they are growing up, and will usually deny them from rising above adversity.

I think the past will always be extremely relevant. Life is full of billions of possibilities and it’s hard to make choices sometimes, by knowing even a little bit about the past, you’re much more likely to end up where you want to be. You can draw on situations in the past to help you make decisions about situations in the present. Yes, there are a lot of things that are extremely different now, but there have always been times in history where things had just become extremely different. When fire was discovered, when soap was invented, when electricity was discovered, when the telephone was invented, indoor plumbing, cars, computers, theory of

Class, the system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status. An economical structure where individuals are grouped in lower, middle and upper class. A social structure powered by gender roles, defining masculinity, manliness and femininity. Are we truly living the American Dream? Throughout this essay we will discuss the condition of the working class, women’s right to vote, taking a look at the rise of the Progressive Era and how it changed relationships between big businesses, government, and the working class.

Class can restrict someone from taking a path they want to pursue either because they are being discouraged from trying it or because they don’t have the means to get themselves there. The article in the Washington Post titled “Why are working class kids less likely to get elite jobs? They study too hard at college,” outlines why kids from higher classes are more likely to get elite jobs. They say “Basically, if we think of economic inequality as a sporting competition, elite parents give their kids a leg up, not only by being able to afford the equipment necessary to play but also by teaching them the rules of the game and giving them insider tips on how to win.” I believe that this is a good illustration of ways that members of the working class are at a disadvantage.

“Our inequality materializes out upper class, vulgarizes our middle class,and brutalizes our lower class” (Matthew Arnold). In Chapter 7 “The Land of Opportunity” from Lies My Teacher Told Me, the author James Loewen addresses that middle-class and lower-class children don’t have the equal America to flourish in. Loewen studied high school history textbooks and discovered that many of them had no index listings for “social class” or “class structure” in half of the books he studied (Loewen 202). That, in turn, verifies Loewen’s claims that history textbooks do indeed not present information needed in high school curriculum.

Loewen’s main points in the excerpt The Land of Opportunity is to illustrate that even today, many people fail to understand what an important role social status play in our society, and how much it restrict us. Also to argue against the commonly accepted idea that we live in a society with high social mobility. He used a variety of evidence which includes personal experience, numerical data, historical event, outside source, and common knowledge to support his points. Once, he referred back to a time when he asked first year college students questions about social classes and merely getting “half-formed and naive” responses. Due to very few of the high school textbook actually contain much information on labor history, and many students only learn what the schools and textbooks teach them. Out of the dozen books Loewen examined, only six had index listing for phrases similar to “social class”, none mentions the air traffic controller strike nor the Hormel meat-packers’ strike, and only four mentioned social stratification.

"Class Consciousness Matters" by David Moberg and "A Nation of Grinders" by David Brooks both chronicle views on social mobility. “Class Consciousness Matters” argues that the idea of a self-made man is a myth. The article also articulates the point that the social class in which one comes from has lasting effects on the possibility of one’s social mobility. On the contrary, “A Nation of Grinders” argues that the social class in which one comes from has no impact on one’s future success but rather; one’s morals, worth ethic, and education determine one’s social mobility. I will examine the definitions of class and success as well as beliefs provided by each author.

This paper will be discussing “Some Principles of Stratification” by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, “Classes in Capitalism and Pre- Capitalism” by Karl Marx, and “Who Rules America?” by G. William Domhoff. Davis and Moore examine stratification, social class, and positional rank and their effects on individuals and society. Marx examines inequality in society, the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed or the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and methods of production and their effects on society. Domhoff examines the roles of corporate communities and the upper class and how they impact America.

The lower class, also known as the “working class”, were those individuals whom partook on the strenuous and dangerous jobs. These individuals were expected to work each and every day for multiple hours as a time and without a break. Although they worked extremely hard, the lower class was not paid well for their effort. Instead, they received the very minimum wage that one could, and were expected to live off of this (Allingham, 2002). Because the people of this class did not have as much money, their material items such as; housing, clothing, and food were very minimum. Even with the small amount of income that they received, the “lower section of the society was also burdened with numerous taxes that made their life miserable.” (Bishal, 2008) Lastly, the working classes remained shut out from the political process, making these individuals in reality separated from the rest of society (Allingham, 2002).