1.5.2 Pricing models
Even though, there has been considerable diversity in the past modelling efforts, there are noticeable patterns of the models’ objectives and variables taken into account (Monroe and Mazumdar, 1988). The pricing models can be broadly classified into six groups (Monroe and Mazumdar, 1988): (1) single-period pricing models (2) dynamic pricing models (3) price promotion and discount models (4) product line pricing (5) price and other marketing-mix variables and (6) price and individual choices.
In general, single-period pricing models aim to solve certain marketing problems by selecting a price that maximises single-period profits (Monroe and Mazumdar, 1988). Even though, there are numerous diverse models in this class, the common feature about them is that they
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Thus, changes in demand, cost, and competitive reactions over time are not explicitly taken into account. On the contrary, the dynamic pricing models
Pricing Objectives involve specifying the role of price in an organization’s marketing and strategic plans. These
Using the simulation as a guide the price elasticity of demand is reviewed to determine the effects of pricing strategies. Demand can either decrease or increase based on price of a product or service (Colander, 2010). Consumers tend to buy products were there is a decrease in price (Colander, 2010).
Pricing is important when marketing a product. The determining factor for the pricing is the material, time to make, amount spent on marketing and promotion of the product. The goal in providing such a product that is moderately
Pricing is a pertinent issue in procurement and acquisition in organizations. Consumers buying the commodities of an entity should get clarity on pricing related issues. There is uncertainty in Pro
The Marketing Mix is the name given to the elements which are the key components which a marketing plan should be based upon. Typically in Marketing literature there are four elements: price, place, promotion and product, however this is now sometimes expanded to incorporate another 3 elements: people, physical evidence and process. Pricing policy is clearly very important to the marketing mix and is affected by variables such as firm’s objectives, the nature of competition, demand and firm costs. Firms operate pricing in different ways according to their marketing strategy and the industry in which they participate; an example of pricing methods will be shown and evaluated further in the
When trying to determine the correct price, a number of factors must be considered: the market and its segments, the size of each segment, the ability to reach each segment, what distribution channels to target, whether to vary price by segment, the usefulness of promotional offerings, and whether the goal is to skim or penetrate each market.
Amongst other sports, baseball is a sport that has been known to evoke nostalgic feelings from Americans. It is truly an American game that many played when they were little children. It has been named many fondling names like “the national pastime”, and “America’s democratic game. Its popularity also comes from the fact that it does not discriminate players. People of above average height and weight can play. Amateurs played an informal version of baseball dating back to 18th century. Most people accredited Abner Doubleday with inventing baseball but Alexander Cartwright is known as the “father of baseball” due to establishing the rules as well as the layout of the field. The love of the game started during the Civil War which spread this
Describe and give examples of some of the following types of pricing objectives: profit, market share, competitive effect, customer satisfaction, and image enhancements.
Research Challenge Identifying the optimal price for a new product is a critical step in the innovation process – and correcting the price of an existing product is a necessary component of successful brand management. With the wide range of pricing research techniques practiced in the industry, it is not always clear which technique best addresses the business issue at hand. This paper describes the most common methods used for consumer goods pricing research and offers guidelines on when – and when not
As is known, pricing is one of the most important steps for business plan which needs good research, calculations and formulations. There are different pricing strategies to put into effect due to the market and product conditions, such as premium pricing, penetration pricing, economy pricing, price skimming(Voice Marketing, 2012). These four pricing strategies are main pricing policies. They form the bases for the exercise. However there are other important approaches to pricing. These pricing strategies are: Psychological pricing, product line
The strategy for setting a product’s price often has to be changed when the product is part of a product mix. In this case, the firm looks for a set of prices that maximizes its profits on the total product mix. Pricing is difficult because the various products have related demand and costs and face different degrees of competition.
Based on these 6 factors in setting a price: selecting the pricing objective, determining demand, estimating costs, analyzing competitors costs, prices and offers, selecting a pricing method and selecting the final price, Singapore GP Pte Ltd employed 2 different pricing strategies. They are
Price interacts with all other elements of the marketing mix to determine the effectiveness of each and of the whole. The objectives that guide pricing strategy should be a subset of the objectives that guide overall marketing strategy. Thus, it is probably wrong to view price as an independent element of marketing strategy or to assert that price, by itself, is a central element in the marketing mix.” (Webster, 1979)
The markets today are so complex and deal with so many variables it can be difficult to understand just exactly how they operate. In the following I will reveal the different kinds of market structures along with their different pricing strategies. Relating to these topics, I will focus on the importance of cost, competition and customer.
Price, which is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, can be difficult to get right. Pricing too high, or low, can negatively impact on customer satisfaction and revenue. Adopting a pricing strategy is necessary to achieve desired sales objectives (Chan & Wong 2005).