Modernization Of The Middle East

The Ottoman empire fell behind in industrial and political developments while European colonies in the Middle East where eager for independence. The Ottoman Empire was dissolved creating independent states and the modern Middle East; crashing the empire’s large scale economy it had sustained during the past into smaller independent economies. With the economic disparity between these countries after the Ottoman empire disintegrated, social conflicts raised, creating a long term deficit in these regions economy, complicating the recovery of the losses from the war. This was mostly seen in regions within the Middle East that began civil movements against their colonial leaders, who had promised them political rewards for sending military troops and resources towards the warfare participating in the war. Due to the fact that only specific nations gained independence based on their ethnicity, there were economic differences in small areas within the same region, illustrating economic inequality within the Middle East.

The East, the land of cotton, fine silks, and rich coffee, was the land of three of the most powerful empires to ever grace the surface of the earth. The Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires were known as the gunpowder empires, and they were feared throughout Europe because of their horsemanship, their power, and their armies. They dominated the stage for centuries, but, as with all things, history moves on. It stops for no man, and all goods things eventually come to an end. So it was with the powers of the East. As Europe prospered from exploration and improved though revolution, the Middle East suffered from poor weather, internal dissent, and a currency crisis that sucked the rulers in like quicksand. And so it was that the epicenter of the world shifted; Europe took the title of midpoint between East and West (Lecture, 09.09.).

Defensive developmentalism is a long thought of tactic used centuries ago by two wise men known by the names of Mehmet Ali and Rafia Rifi al-Tahtawi. Defensive developmentalism is a tactic used by high ranking people such as the ones previously stated to create a better and healthier economy in their terms by reforming the military and increasing revenue which will lead to them gaining both land and power as well as more revenue. In this case, Mehmet Ali whom used this tactic succeeded at first by demanding a surplus of cotton to be grown while it was advanced in that area, therefore there was no competition in this market so he imposed high tariffs as well on imported goods. Momentarily, all was well during the early to late 18th century according to Mehmet’s defensive developmentalists ideas as the revenue was rolling in consistently. Then, shortly after Mehmet’s death, the U.S. followed up with a civil war which lasted about 4 years and shortly after it ended, the U.S. had a large increase in cotton exportation at faster rates due to better technologies and better prices. This enforced Egypt’s economy into a state of bankruptcy which left them vulnerable and just soon after, Britain obtained Egypt and had full authority which lead to a plummet in Egypt’s dignity. This all funnels down to the main idea which is that even though defensive developmentalism may have created short term benefits, the long term costs outweigh the benefits immensely which was shown in this

2- what were the Middle Eastern empires goals politically and economically by using“defensive developmentalism” theory ?

The Modern world is divided up by self-determining, different states; often defined by their military forces. Before the sixteen-seventieth century the idea of states wasn’t like it is now. The world was unconnected by rulers, and no major states of authority. Many believe the concept of the Military Revolution that refers to a radical change in military strategy that altered a change in the government. According to Jeremy Black, in Beyond the Military Revolution, suggest the reason for an advance in military warfare was due to the development of the independent state. He tells how in the independent state the leader shows gloire to provide, build and protect. War and expansion appeared necessary and successful throughout this era.

In the 19th century, imperialism and the buckling of Middle Eastern leaders and rulers changed the way things were done. A series of reforms inspired by (and in some cases directed by) European ways of doing things changed the daily lives of Ottoman and Egyptian citizens.

Have you ever heard about the time when Africa and the Middle East became imperialized and lost most of its power within the kingdoms? Good ol’ times, ya know. If you haven’t well you should stick around and you could learn something new, and you could even brag about it all day to your friends. However, if you already know about how this occurred there is a possibility that you could learn something new that may be explained in this paper. Therefore, in this essay I will explain and even go into detail about how Africa then the MIddle East became imperialized.

Early civilizations in the Middle East began with the Sumerians in the Tigris- Euphrates delta. This civilization evolved into the Persian Empire through many other groups of people. Civilizations of the Middle East changed over time politically, socially, and culturally. The change occurred through types of government, economic class, and religion. Middle Eastern government began with rule by priests, but became a dynasty. Economic class began as a system based on how much property one owned, and became based on bloodline. Religion started out polytheistic, but the idea of monotheism grew more popular over time. The civilizations of the Middle East changed politically through systems of government.

Many of us take for granted the ability to travel “large” distances in a relatively short time-span. As a result, we often think nothing of the luxuries that we indulge in every day. Things like near-instantaneous transportation manage to make light of realistic conceptions of distance and space. However, to people like Monzer Omar, these “cognitive distances” differ greatly from that of our own. To Omar, his arduous 25-day journey from Izmir, Turkey to Germany may have seemed to stretch to the ends of Earth. Obstacles such as smuggler theft, uncompromising governments, and a series of unfortunate events make a few hours in a plane to us seem like an excruciating journey for Omar.

This economic modernization in the Middle East, could only be a short term success which does not guarantee the successful and stable economic development of oil rich states and the region as a whole in the long term. The Middle East, despite its vast reserves of oil, is still considered a developing region due to the high reliance on oil revenues and rather weak production sector of the economy as well as due to some political factors such as lack of democracy, corruption, reluctance to the reforms and other issues. There are various reasons as to why the Middle East is still considered a developing region despite its oil wealth. Natural resource revenues have also been linked to slow economic growth rates, inequality, and poverty. One culprit may be "Dutch disease," which was discussed earlier. Other factors may include the volatility associated with commodity prices, which can have especially negative impacts on weak-state economies; and the underdevelopment of agricultural and manufacturing sectors during boom periods in resource-based economies. And even when oil abundance produces high growth, it often benefits only a few corrupt elites rather than translating into higher living standards for most of the population. Corruption is one of the economic deficiencies which can weaken economic growth and development; thus it is considered as an important impediment to economic growth and political stability, particularly in developing countries. The dependence on a

Different regions in the Middle East have different experienced different levels of colonialism. Prior to the First World War some regions of the Ottoman Empire were already under the influence of European countries (Owen 2006, p. 23). Between the first and second world wars most of the empire was formally divided between, and under the control of, Britain and France (Owen 2006, p. 25) and even after the second world war European influence lingered. Cole and Kandiyoti describe these periods as 'informal imperialism

Middle East considers one of the most studied areas in the world due to its rich history of politics, social, economic, and its culture and civilization. Its borders are still arguable geographically, generally in the west it starts from morocco until Iran in the east, however, many scholars don’t agree on including Turkey either as a Middle Eastern or as a European country (Milton-Edwards, 2006. P: 4). The origin of the name was invented by the colonies as a necessity to describe the place geographically, which was the era of bringing “Middle East” the language of academic writings and political scientists. Changes, innovations, and new ideologies create gaps between the transformations of any perspectives to a different

The part of the Middle East being discussed involves the following: Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon. All of which were directly impacted by the borders which were set up by European countries in the early 20th century. The borders had benefits of course, but they also brought with them quite a few problems. While the Middle Eastern borders are important to dividing that part of the world into different countries, the borders seem to have brought with them a lot of problems that the people living in this part of the world have had to deal with. There are multiple factors involved with this topic, including a few treaties, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and the start of World War I. The different treaties were the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration, both of which involved European countries deciding the future of these countries. All of these factors had a direct impact on the Middle East and had a lasting effect on the people who live in this area of the world.

There are many significant change in the world economy occurred, marked by globalization each country has different speed of development under different political and cultural background. During this period, Such as the United States of America 's economic status from the rapid development to the decline, then move to the current stable trend. Brazil, Russia, India, China, which named ‘BRCIS’ those developing countries’ economic performances are very catch the attention in recent years. The decline and rise of these countries ' commercial economy are closely related to their political culture. Therefore, it attracted the attention of scholars and research circles.

Many of the states were early signatories to BITs, agreements prepared by capital exporting states. In the early 1980s, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) which was formed in 1956, published three draft BITs, which provided different models of investment liberalization and protection.(41) In 1980, the United treaties Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital was signed in the Arab States creating an Arab Investment Court and its first decision was given in the case of Tanmiah v. Tunisia, 12 October 2004. In addition, the European Economic Community (EEC) and some African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states concluded the Lom? III and Lom? IV Conventions, both of which had sections addressing investment.(42) In 2007, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) embraced an Investment Agreement for the COMESA Common Investment Area. (43) In 1987, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) created the Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (ASEAN Investment Agreement) applicable to ASEAN investors. The ASEAN Investment Agreement was considered in Yaung Chi Oo Trading Pte. Ltd. v. Myanmar. The ASEAN Investment Agreement was amended by the Jakarta Protocol in 1996. In 1998, the Framework Agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area (Framework Agreement) was concluded.