Neuron Communication In The Brain

Anything we do as humans such as thinking, feeling, and hearing would not happen without the neuron. The neuron sends messages throughout the body when the body is in trouble or pain. The neuron is a part of the nervous system which makes the body move. There are only three structures to the neuron; cell body, dendrite, and the axon. With these structures come functions to help the body think, feel, and hear. When these functions don’t work they can cause diseases in which the body needs to be healthy to work. These are the reasons the neuron is important.

Among various types of organ systems, the nervous system is one of the most important one in human body. It is responsible for producing, controlling and guiding our thoughts and responses to the world around us according to James W. Pennebaker (2012). During embryological development, the cells that form nervous system are incredibly specialised and work complexly than the cells that form skin or other body parts. Neurosecretory cells are one of the examples of specialised nervous system cells that produce neurosecretions. Neurosecretions are hormones which carry information from sensor cells to target cells and they can be released directly into the bloodstream

Everything we do is a product of neural communication, whether that be reacting to senses or feeling emotions, it is all due to us having neural communication through millions of neurons passing small electrical signals throughout the body through such pathways as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and passing information to and from the brain. These ‘’neurons’’ are made up of Dendrites which are connected to a cell body, or also known as the soma, these are tree-like feathery filament ‘’message receivers’’ that collect these messages from other neurons it is connected to, neurons are connected through a dendrite to axon terminal connections and pass these ‘’messages’’ through the body as action potentials.

To send a message, a neuron will send a ripple of electrical energy down its axon. This ripple is called "action potential." The way it works is by changing the chemical makeup of the axon's negatively charged interior. Positively charged sodium ions move into the cell and negatively charged potassium ions move out, then the ions move to their original positions. This produces a wave of positively charged

Describe the process of synaptic transmission. Include in this description the differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters.Sypnaptic transmission is the method in which obe nerve cell communicate to another nerve cell .The communication between nerve cells is done by branching or processing the nerve cell singnals that are passed by t have e nerve cell body or "soma", dentristes, and electrical axon or chemical signals

The cell body comprises of the nucleus and other organelles (Ward, 2010). The nucleus contains the genetic code, and this is involved with protein synthesis (He, 2013). The dendrites receive information from other neurons which are located in a close proximity (Kalat, 1995). The terminal of an axon compresses into a disc-shaped structure (Gross, 2010). This is where chemical signals also known as a neurotransmitter permit interaction amongst neurons, by means of a minute gap named a synapse (Martin, Carlson & Buskit, 2013). Both neurons which form the synapse are referred to as a presynaptic synapse (prior to the synapse) and postsynaptic (after the synapse), reflecting the direction of information flow (from axon to dendrite), (He, 2013).

Answer each of the following questions and the separate parts of each question as completely and directly as possible. Do not go off-track or give “fluff” answers, as that could count against you.

Doctor Linqun Luo is a professor here at Stanford and currently teaches neurobiology and does research as the principal investigator in the Luo Lab as a member of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His primary research area is the human brain focusing on neural circuits and how they function, how precise are the connections, how they develop. To this end his lab is using fly and mouse models to study their various circuits, centering mainly on the olfactory, and exploring the early development of neural networks in mammals (Luo Lab Bio). In order to write this commentary on the topic “How do neurons connect with each other”, I have chosen two pieces to read. The first, from Science magazine, outlines the main issues, goals, and paths the world is taking to understand to understand neuroscience including the research being done to answer the question in his topic. The second paper, from Cell Press, is a much more technical paper which outlines one of the pathways Luo isolated in the olfactory cortex of mice and how their neurons may connect.

Once in the synapses, the impulses triggers the release of chemical messages called neurotransmitters; which then bind to receptors on the receiving cell as the transmission of the impulse repeated again. The message or impulse continues traveling from one neuron to the next throughout the body until it reaches its destination as it relays a signal. All of this activity happens in less than a split second and without conscious thought. At the end of this process, the brain has the task of interpreting the message and making the decision as to what to do with this new information. (Carlson, 2011.Pg.45-52)

As the message arrives at the end of the nerves, the message is transmitted to the muscles. Before the message is transmitted to the muscles it has to pass the space between the end of the nerve and the muscle, and that space is called neuromuscular junction. The message is transmitted from the brain to the end of the nerve and from the nerve to the neuromuscular junction, and when the message arrives the chemical called neurotransmitters are released.

There is a neurotransmitter for each function performed within the body. For example, the Dopamine transmitter affects pleasure and reward movement, attention and memory. Specific neurotransmitters are affected by specific narcotic substances. For example, heroin influences the transmitter “Dopamine” and “Endorphin” (Sherman). To understand how damaging the neurotransmitter is harmful, one must know how an unaffected brain works. A neurotransmitter, also known as a chemical messenger, is an endogenous chemical meaning that the substance originates from within a structure, tissue, or cell. The brain conjures up an action for the body to enact and releases the information to a neuron. The neuron then releases the endogenous chemical to carry the message to the synapse. A synapse is a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next. It connects one nerve cell to another nerve cell. Once the neurotransmitter reaches the synapse, it attaches to a protein and ensures the message will be forwarded on. “Located on the neuron that releases the neurotransmitter, transporters recycle these neurotransmitters (that is, bring them back into the neuron that released them), thereby shutting off the signal between neurons.”

As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.

Neurotransmission also known as synaptic transmission refers to a communication process between neurons by the movement of chemicals or electrical signals across a synapse. The action potential has begun in the presynaptic neuron after neurotransmission takes position at a synapse. The binding process of neurotransmitters can trigger short term changes such as postsynaptic potentials also called membrane potential, or longer term changes depends on the stimulation of signaling cascades. It is essential for nerve impulses to assist in the propagation of signals in which they sent to and from the central nervous system (CNS) through efferent and afferent neurons. These signals coordinate both skeletal and

The individual cells within the brain, the neurons, release a whole array of chemical signals in communication with one

In our brain daily functions, the neurons transmit messages from one and other in the form of neurotransmitters, a chemical reaction