Pharmacognitive Behavioural Therapy

Internet-based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy has been used successfully to treat some of the relatively minor symptoms of anxiety, depression and social phobias. Advantages of computer and internet based therapies include easy availability, anonymity, accessibility, flexibility in self-direction and pacing, reduced travel time and costs.

The discovery that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can effectively treat anxiety disorders has led to the Serotonin Theory. The Serotonin theory indicates that serotonin mediated neurotransmitters in the brain may be involved in anxiety disorders. The fact that some antidepressant agents relieve symptoms of both anxiety and depression disorders indicate that there may be a correlation between the two disorders. Information also indicates a correlation between genetic susceptibility in depression and anxiety disorders (Lundbeck Institute, 2008.)

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to treat anxiety due to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (from emotional abuse by parents), (beginning in Phase 1 and intensifying in Phase 2)

The article Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Imipramine, or Their Combination for Panic Disorder, evaluates the effect that drug and psychosocial therapies have on panic disorders. Furthermore, the authors also evaluate whether a particular treatment is more effective than another, a combination of treatments, or whether one treatment outdoes another. Patients who are afflicted with panic disorders have a reduction in lifestyle and lowered role functioning when compared to individuals who suffer from diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis. Researchers found that treating individuals with a panic disorder, led to a better lifestyle. However, medicine also found that treating patients with imipramine led fewer symptom manifestations. The authors of the article conducted trials in which they compared cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), imipramine with medical management, combination of CBT and imipramine, pill placebo with medical management, and CBT with placebo for for panic disorder. Researchers found that CBT alone and imipramine alone yielded greater results than the placebo for PD. Imipramine yielded a greater quality of response, however, CBT had greater

2017, pg.189).” Panic disorder with agoraphobia is often a very debilitating mental disorder for the individuals suffering with these disorders, and can take the form of a wide range of symptoms, the

Many studies proved the efficacy and tolerability of the atypical antipsychotics on patients that diagnosed with panic, one method was constructed by searching for relevant published articles that investigate the antipsychotic effect on panic patients.

Research has demonstrated that exposure-based interventions are highly effective in treating panic disorder with agoraphobia (Fava et al., 2001; Sánchez-Meca, Rosa-Alcázar, Martin-Martínez, & Gómez-Conesa, 2010). Various studies report exposure is an important strategy for decreasing avoidance and the symptoms of an anxiety disorder. (Ito et al., 2001; Lang, Helbig-Lang, Petermann, 2009; Öst, Thulin, & Ramnerö, 2004; Ruhmland & Margraf, 2001). Furthermore, patient behavior during exposure exercises, for instance avoidant behavior influences the success of treatment (Sloan & Telch, 2001; Telch & Lancaster, 2012). In one prior study exposure therapy included an informational first session to give patients an understanding of the upcoming treatment

In their clinical trial of IPT for treating major depression, Feske, Frank, Kupfer, Shear, and Weaver (1998) states that major depression is often accompanied by anxiety, and thus influences the way in which the disorder and response to treatment develops. However, there is a considerable lack of evidence in the treatment of anxiety disorder, particularly for GAD, with IPT (Weissman et al, 2000). Yet, a respectable rationale in treating anxiety disorders with IPT is the focus on interpersonal aspects of patients, which might be the causal and maintaining factors of said disorder.

According to the American Psychiatric Association et al. (2013), panic disorder has been shown to occur in about two to three percent of adults in the United States. Panic disorders have been shown to occur more in Caucasian individuals than in any other race or ethnicity. Females have been shown to be twice as affected by panic disorders than their male counterparts and the differences between the genders can be seen by the age of fourteen. Although the normal onset for panic disorder in the U.S. is usually twenty to twenty-four years old. There have been some cases in which the disorder appeared in childhood or after the age of forty-five although both are unusual occurrences (American Psychiatric Association et al. 2013).

Several meta-analyses have examined the relative efficacy of CBT for treating panic disorder. Siev and Chambless (2008) contrasted the effects of CBT and relaxation training for patients with panic disorder

Medication- Antidepressants such as Paroxetine (Paxil) and anti-anxiety medications such as Alprazolam (Xanax) are used to treat panic attacks.

Panic Disorder is described as a repeated period of intense fear or discomfort, along with other symptoms that include racing heartbeat or feeling short of breath. Specifically, In the educational book Introduction to Psychology I, panic disorder is described as “Anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences numerous panic attacks (four or more in a four-week period) that are characterized by overwhelming terror and often a feeling of unreality or depersonalization” (Ettinger, 1994).

The third choice would be tiagabine. Preston et. al. (2013) explain this medication potential in treating anxiety disorders. There has been some clinical trial studies done on PSTD and panic disorders. This medication is a careful GABA reuptake inhibitor (Preston et. al., 2013). Furthermore, this medication still needs more researcher to get an understanding of its usage for clinical.

Before being recognized as a branch of Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorders, were perceived as “a generic diagnosis of 'stress ' or 'nerves ' “ (Tracy, 2014). In an abstract through the US National Library of Medicine; National Institutes of Health, contributor Angst J reiterates that Panic Disorders “has not always been recognized as an exclusively psychiatric condition.” (Angst, J., 1998). Also, research in this area continued until 1980 when criteria was established for the overall concept of Panic Disorder itself. This

When looking at drug therapies for the treatment of anxiety in Australia we are confronted with an overwhelming number of drug treatments ranging from benzodiazepines e.g. midazelam, temazepam and diazepam for short term management of anxiety disorders, β- adrenoceptor antagonists (beta blokers), anti convulsants (Lyrica: pregabalin), azapirones (5-HT1A receptor agonists: buspirone) and long term drug treatment regimes with antidepressants - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) which act by blocking the reabsorption and reuptake of serotonin by nerve cells in the brain, leaving more serotonin available improving mood. Serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s)