Phl/215 Philosophy Matrix

With this lesson, we begin a new unit on epistemology, which is the philosophical study of knowledge claims. In this first lesson on epistemology, we begin by examining the question “What do we mean when we say we know something?” What exactly is knowledge? We will begin with a presentation that introduces the traditional definition of knowledge. Wood then discusses some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology and then presents an approach to epistemology that focuses on obtaining the intellectual virtues, a point we will elaborate on in the next lesson.

Current-day civilizations and current-day life have been influenced greatly by Ancient Greek culture. Most importantly, the act of challenging authority has been substantially impacted by the ancient justice systems, which authorizes the breaking of rules and makes it pardonable and respectable. Many of these acts of disobeying authority are demonstrated, in both Ancient Greek times and current times, as Gods break rules based off their wants or based off of their desire to help others, as many rulers use their power to violate rules in order to better their people, and as many every-day individuals commit crimes and are forgiven for them. It is desired and acceptable, according to Ancient Greek beliefs and values,

society is a place where information, independent thought, and freedom are restricted.The citizens live in a dehumanized state with fear of the outside world and are given the illusion that the world they live in is a perfect utopia.

In the book written by Nonaka (2000), presented a summary of the ideas that underlie the notion of knowledge: (1) Knowledge is justified true believe; (2) Knowledge is something that is explicit (tacit knowledge); (3) knowledge creation effectively dependent on the context that allows the creation of occurrence; (4) knowledge creation involves five main steps are: a). Sharing knowledge explicitly (tacit knowledge), b) created the concept, c). Justifying concepts, d). Build a prototype, and e). Do the dissemination of knowledge.

Different realities also exist within different areas of knowledge. Therefore, it can be said that the appraisal and consequent classification of the true value of produced knowledge can not be limited to the degree of difficulty with which said knowledge was produced, and

Throughout our lives as thinkers, we often find ourselves interacting with the status quo. For this essay, I will consider the statement, “In the production of knowledge, traditions of areas of knowledge offer correctives for ways of knowing.” Producing knowledge is the process of making a discovery or a creation that adds to the body of an area of knowledge. Traditions in areas of knowledge include not only methods frequently practiced by predecessors, but also conventions that when followed, increase the perceived credibility of knowledge. Correctives serve to eliminate the weaknesses of a work, specifically to increase reliability and clarity as well as reduce bias.

What makes the “best” state? For many years, philosophers have argued different perspective as to what they believe what makes the best state. As stated in the The State (Evolution, Force, Contract) lecture, well-known individuals such as Aristotle who believes the state protects rights and liberties, organic mechanisms, and government and civil service which all of these make the perfect state in his belief. Another perspective which is rather negative is from Charles Tilly, he believes, “War makes the State”. By all means, people (groups or individuals) who are in control of another and can take their property. In my belief, that isn’t a form of “best” state because that can trigger violence and hate towards to the state and the people. Lastly,

Knowledge is possessed in one form or another by every human being capable of thinking on this earth. Knowledge could be anything from knowing the score of the baseball

In the text, the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes conceives of the state as one ultimate political authority in which he calls the “sovereign”. For Hobbes, the sovereign is the apex of what we know to be the state. Since the beginning of time, the state has served as a beneficial and important facilitator of rights and resources. In our general conceptualization of the world, the state is the ultimate arbiter of political power and serves many fundamental purposes. Political philosophers throughout time have debated the purpose of the state. Theorists that ascribe to liberal thought like John Locke and to a lesser extent Thomas Hobbes would say that the state primarily serves as a mechanism that creates a buffer between that of the public and private spheres. It has been used to facilitate the interactions between those who wish to subscribe to a civil society where it is a necessity for one’s rights to be protected and respected. Around the world, normative liberal thought—or liberalism if you will—serves as the primary political paradigm under which most governments and their citizens alike ascribe. In many ways, Liberalism has become a nearly permanent feature of our political lives. Due to it’s widespread applicability and understanding, it is only reasonable for us to undergo a critical analysis and critique of how this nearly ubiquitous body of political thought has affected the nature of the political societies that we reside in. Hence, this essay will attempt to question the

Maasai villagers, Tehranians, Americans—each is a society. But what does this mean? Exactly what is a society? In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. On a broader scale, society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Daily life always changes, it can be hard one day and joyful the next, but daily life has changed so much between preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial society.

The study of knowledge has made important contributions to education. Most fundamentally in identifying epistemology as a group of informal knowledge that may play a role in the nature and source of knowledge, purpose and view of knowledge, application of knowledge, and acquisition of knowledge professional and personal. Feldman (2003) argues that epistemology is important because it is concerned with the methodology of human inquiry, or how we go about the process of reasoning and acquiring knowledge.

Compliance with divine law was important in ancient Greek society. Faith in the gods was a deeply rooted concept that individuals took seriously. Examples of this can be seen in the role of oracles and seers. Oracles were establishments where people often

Knowledge is produced differently for everyone based on how they came to be and what their personal style is. The different ways of knowing can help distinguish how we gain knowledge and how we know what we know (Faulkner & Faulkner, 2016). After analyzing the different ways of knowing, I can distinguish which of those ways would affect my research process. I can then begin to understand my personal ontology and epistemology about how knowledge is produced. After I established how I believe my knowledge is produced, I am able to locate myself into a specific paradigm that relates to how I conduct research. Throughout this paper, I will discuss my personal ways of knowing and what paradigm I relate to.

3. Nature of the knowledge itself. (some knowledge is difficult to summarize, comprehend and transfer in a timely

“That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.” Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge.