Salmonella Of Salmonella And Enteritidis

It 's bad or infectious bacteria that cause illness as they rapidly reproduce and produce a toxin that kills or mutates cells, bacteria is also self sufficient.

Salmonella is a bacterial disease that occurs in the intestines, the signs and symptoms can be; fever, or other illnesses such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps. People typically get salmonella from contaminated foods, which seems to occur frequently from poultry and eggs (Nordqvist, 2016). This is just a basic look at salmonella though, next we need to look at the epidemiologic triad (host, agent, and environment) and see how each plays a role in a salmonella outbreak.

This lab experiment was done for the purpose of learning how to determine a gram negative bacterium based on multiple tests learned throughout the semester. My gram negative unknown bacterium given to me was Salmonella typhimurium based off of the following tests; Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfate Indole Motility (SIM), Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskaur (VP), Citrate, Urea Hydrolysis, and Gelatin Hydrolysis. Each test performed gives results such as motility, acid production, fermentation, carbon requirements, or detection of certain coenzymes. With a process of elimination, I determined which bacteria it was not and which bacterium I had, S. typhimurium. The expectation was to master the techniques for each test and utilize the results to determine the unknown bacterium I was given within a two-week period.

The smaller portion contains the ttrRSBCA operon, which is involved in tetrathionate reduction, and seven open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function which were suggested that these genes do not significantly contribute to systemic infections in mice. The larger portion was characterized to be importance for ability of Salmonella to survive and replicate inside host cells (epithelial cells and macrophages) within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). The SPI-2 also encoded for T3SS, which encoded for translocon machinery (SseBCD), a pore-forming structure (5, 6).

Gastrointestinal diseases are pervasive problem that is caused by ingestion of contaminated foods or water in which an extensive etiological agents known as enteric pathogen are present, [1]. Salmonella is one of the most opportunistic gram negative, facultative anaerobic food borne pathogens that represent a major health problem and a substantial cause of food poisoning[2]. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) stance as the second most prevalent cause of acute gastroenteritis that affecting one million illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths[3]. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water then characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the

Salmonella enterica: is a member of the Enterobacteriacecae family, a rod shape Gram-negative bacterium. After passage through the gastric acid barrier, S. enterica binds tightly to specific receptors of the epithelial cells in small intestine. The receptor interaction activates a cellular response results in transfer of bacterial effector proteins into the epithelial cell, following by uptake of bacterial cell by endocytosis. Invasion of epithelial cells induce an inflammatory response that increases the fluid secretion of epithelial cells, causing diarrhea. [2]

Typhoid fever. One of the types of salmonella bacteria is known as salmonella typhi. Even if salmonella is not originally carried by chickens, infected food handlers might contaminate the food during preparation and an undercooked chicken can absorb the bacteria and spread the disease. Around 21.5 million cases of typhoid fever is recorded worldwide. Symptoms of typhoid fever include a very high fever, weakness, headache, stomach pain, and rash.

There have been numerous times where I have been affected by Salmonella, so it was easy to swing towards Salmonella as the CBRN choice. Salmonella is found in everyday food products such as raw chicken, raw beef, raw fish, raw eggs and unpasteurized milk (foodsafety.gov). Salmonella can also be found on reptiles, amphibians, birds and even pet treats (foodsafety.gov). People will start to feel symptoms within four to seven days which include: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, headaches, dehydration and possibility blood in the stool (mayoclinic.gov).

The number of occurring infections through Salmonella could be decreased using the One Health approach by initiating proper measures to prevent and possibly eliminate the infection throughout humans, animals, and the environment. The root of infection begins at the source, which would be the egg-laying chicken or hen. One measure that can be taken in diagnosing the disease is to evaluate outbreaks in groups to determine similarities

An infectious disease that I would to address is salmonella, which is a waterborne pathogen disease or food poisoning. And the agent of the disease is a bacteria. It is commonly caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water and touching infected animals and not washing your hands afterwards (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015a). Salmonella infection especially affects the intestinal tract of a human body and live in animal and human intestines. The people primarily affected by the disease are zoologist, veterinarian or zoo keeper, old adults, infants, pregnant women and their unborn babies, older adults and a person with weakened immune systems. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Salmonella may be found in the feces of some animals, and people can become infected if they do not wash their hands after contact with animals or animal feces.

Salmonella causes illness in humans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that media to which may simply unfold in a very population an example is, outbreaks of illness will occur by contamination of a dish. The illness could also be controlled by antibiotics, drug resistant and hyper virulent strains square measure powerful to fight. Strains at an equivalent time, proof against seven antibiotics exist. Thereafter, understanding the thought of virulence determinants and their response to medication may be a crucial feature of dominant infection. Enteric causes a general typhoid-like an illness in mice. Salmonella, that's answerable for human communicable disease, has restricted host specificity. It cannot be studied in

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the multistate outbreak of human salmonella linked with live and frozen feeder rodents. Salmonella is a human and animal pathogen that has many different serotypes, but one of the most common serotypes is Salmonella Typhimurium, which this specific case focuses on. Salmonella can easily spread to people that are in contact with infected animals, including reptiles, amphibians, rodents, birds, livestock, as well as dogs and cats (PHAC, 2014). Moreover, animals carry this bacteria even when they are normal and healthy. Nevertheless, pet foods can be contaminated with the Salmonella bacteria, and can infect the pet as well (PHAC, 2014). In this case, pets that have consumed the infected rodents, also carry the bacteria which transmits the pathogen to humans. According to the study, the key causes of this infection are due to the fact that that rodents sold as food are associated with the pet reptiles and amphibians through direct or indirect contact (CDC, 2014). This particular outbreak surfaced in 2009 in the United Kingdom and in 2010

Salmonella is a type of bacteria that can cause food poisoning. Even though the main way to come in contact with salmonella

In the summer and fall of 2015, there were 160 reported cases of Salmonella Poona. This was the start of a national outbreak. Total’s reached 907 reported cases, spanning across forty states. 204 people were hospitalized; and an additional six deaths occured. Public health investigators took a look at the whole genome sequencing of the ill people. The isolates in the sequencing were all closely genetically related. The close relation in isolates suggested they all shared something in common, such as eating contaminated food.

Salmonella thyphi is a gram-negative bacterium, which causes systemic infections and Typhoid fever in human beings. It is rod shaped and is flagellated and inhabits the lympathic tissues of the small intestine, liver, spleen, and bloodstream of infected humans. This bacterium belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. There have been typhoid fever outbreaks in many different countries including United States of America, Canada and Uganda. Being Uganda the most recent place to have an epidemic for typhoid, I will discuss about this particular outbreak in detail.