Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia And Bipolar Disorder

risperidone whereas in this one there was a fixed dose to limit breach in blinding and to facilitate comparison between similar groups, also having this fixed dosage helped prevent bias because when using a titrating schedule of dosing in a randomized trial, it tends to show bias toward a desired goal. Risperidone in this study was well tolerated and there weren’t significant differences in weight gain or sedation(13). One of the main things disliked about risperidone is its tendency to increase the incidence of dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. In this study only mild and transient dyskinesias were seen in only 3 children, however that could be due to the low fixed dosage(13) of the study.

Help! The emergency 911 call goes “My child is having one of his psychotic episodes and I don’t know what to do!” A mother’s plea for help as she watches her teenage son’s manic episodes unfold; what is a mother to do? Since then, the teenager has been prescribed several antipsychotic drugs such as Aripiprazole (Abilify), thereafter, Risperidone (Risperdal) and a sleuth of others, but none curtails or controls his mood disorder until he is prescribed Depakote. Confused and perplexed, Depakote is an anti-seizure and an anti-psychotic drug that works by increasing the amount of a special neurotransmitter in the brain (drugwatch.com, nd).

Antipsychotics (also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers) are a class of psychiatric medication primarily use to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, or disordered thought), in particular in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders.

Risperdal (Risperidone) has been used for a number of different mental health disorders. It has been used for Schizophrenia, Bipolar I disorder, and to help with irritability in children with Autism. There are a number of different things that will be covered in this paper such as the chemical makeup of the medication, the appearance, side effects, off label use, side effects, administration, and how it works, with other additional information.

There are so many different kinds of medications used to treat patients, but the most common ones that psychiatric assistants prescribe exist as antipsychotic and antidepressants. Antidepressants usually relate to a substance that treats mood disorders. Antipsychotic medications usually are taken daily in pills or liquid form. However, some may get injected, which means their only given once or twice a month. The biggest mental disorder that antipsychotic are prescribed for has occurred in patients with schizophrenia. “Schizophrenia is a psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and a “split” between thought and emotion.” (Coon & Mitterer 487) “Patients with this disorder tend to have withdrawal from contact with other, a loss of interest in external activities, a breakdown of personal habits, and an inability to deal with daily events.” (486) “Also, it is hard for patients with schizophrenia to focus on one item of information at a time.” (486) Four major types of schizophrenia consist of catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, and undifferentiated. The first type, catatonic, involves disturbances in a person’s movement. Patients with this disorder type tend to just sit there and they do not talk or move. They show no emotion. “The second type, disorganized, or known as “hebephrenic schizophrenia”, patients experience bizarre thinking and flat or grossly inappropriate emotions.” (487) “Typically, this type of schizophrenia develops in adolescence or young adulthood.” (487) “The third type, paranoid, is marked by a preoccupation with delusions or by frequent auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution.” (488) “Patients think that God, the government, or “cosmic rays from space” are controlling their minds or trying to poison them.” (488) “According to the largest study ever

It has come to my attention going over teacher files that one of my elementary teachers has a prescription for Risperdal, which is an anti-psychotic medication to treat schizophrenia. It is my job to decide what to do, and if she is a risk to the children if she stops taking her medications. There are a number of factors to consider before making a decision, as well as ethical issues to evaluate concerning this situation. In order to be morally sound in my decision I need to decide what the right action to take is. So first off, I need to get the facts on this medication.

Risperidone is atypical antipsychotics drug used in the treatment of mental and mood disorders. It is helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. This medication may also be used in combination

A comparison between schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorder focusing on history, etiology, treatment, and symptoms of each disease will introduce the concept of the Continuum Disease Model (CDM) as a basis for further debate and discussion on the controversial designation of schizoaffective disorder (bipolar type/depressive type). The concept of a possible connection between distinct disorders is strongly disputed between many experts due to presence of manic or hypomanic episodes as a clear distinction requiring the designation of bipolar spectrum disorder as opposed to negative and positive schizophrenic symptoms; however, similarities in the disorders including etiology, presence of psychosis, and effectiveness of new atypical antipsychotic treatments may present similar neurological psychopathology. Schizoaffective disorder may present only unipolar depressive symptoms along with negative or positive schizophrenic symptoms but bipolar type will be the focus of discussion. An argument disputing the legitimacy of the CDM will be presented though the stress-diathesis model supports the designation of schizoaffective disorder in the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). A deeper look at the mechanisms in the psychopharmacological drug treatments specifically focused on the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine (trade name Seroquel) and lurasidone (trade name Latuda), providing theories of their effects on brain

Risperidone is benzisoxazole derivatives of antipsychotic properties due to its high antagonistic effect on serotonin-5HT2 and dopamine-D2 receptors that magnifies its action in treatment of positive and negative schizophrenia with less extrapyramidal side effects and relapse probability (Rainer, 2008). Chemically it is C23H27FN4O2 (Bladania et al., 2008) (Figure 1). It is a weak base that is practically water insoluble, the solubility is pH dependent, it is highly soluble at acidic pH with significant decrease as pH increases up to pH 6.8 with minimum solubility at pH 8 (Saibi et al., 2012). Its bioavailability is about 70% with high protein binding ability (88%). It is extremely metabolized in liver to the active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone

Antipsychotics are classified as major tranquilizers that are used to treat mental health illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They can also treat severe depression and severe anxiety. These antipsychotics drugs reduce or increase the effect of neurotransmitters in the brain to regulate levels that help transfer information throughout the brain. The neurotransmitters that are affected are the serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.

Antipsychotic – Psychotropic drugs are often used for neurochemical problems, behavioral problems, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. These drugs sometimes cause side effects

1. Brodaty, H., Ames, D., Snowdon, J., Woodward, M., Kirwan, J., Clarnette, R., & ... Greenspan, D. (2005). Risperidone for psychosis of Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(12), 1153-1157.

Careful considerations based on the patient’s medical history, required sedation level, individual risk factors and tolerability on the side effect profiles such as weight gain, sleepiness, dry mouth, extrapyramidal symptoms(EPS), hormonal changes and cardiovascular complications are essential. Aripiprazole, quetiapine and olanzapine is preferred if EPS is of concern while aripiprazole has lower risk in cardiovascular complications and metabolic syndrome. Among the newer antipsychotics, amisulpride and aripiprazole should be considered for patients with high risk of diabetes and hypertension. However when patient failed to respond to first antipsychotic drug in a minimum of 4-6 weeks trial and a maximum dosage is reached, a second antipsychotic

The present clinical treatment strategies (pharmacological, psychosocial, family intervention) for child onset schizophrenia (COS) are varied and abundant but very costly because of its rarity and the number of sites required to research the disease (Asarnow, Thompson & McGrath, 2004). Let it be noted that remission of COS is rare but it is the goal of research to accomplish. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry places emphasis on antipsychotic medication, psychoeducation, psychotherapy, and social educational programs (Asarnow et al., 2004). Antipsychotic medication falls into two categories “novel” and “conventional” (Remington, Martin, Jain, Baskys & Dickey, 1999, p. 55). The “novel” category contains risperidone, clozapine, quetiapine, and olanzapine. The “conventional” contains haloperidol, loxapine, molindone, pimozide chlorpromazine, and piperidine (Remington, Martin, Jain, Baskys & Dickey, 1999, p. 55). The in-depth discussion of all these is beyond the scope of this short paper and only contains a few of these medications.

The second-generation antipsychotics are consider more effective when it involves serotonin blockers and construct different levels of blockade in dopamine (Preston, O’Neal, & Talaga, 2013). In addition, second-generation antipsychotics, which are also called atypical, are prescribe to clients, because they can tolerate them especially when they decrease certain side effects. Moreover, atypical medication decrease neuroanatomical changes lessen symptoms that are negative, and enhance cognition. Some of the second-generation medication includes ziprasidone, olanzapine, paliperdone, and clozapine.