In your own words, describe some of the factors that contributed to the adoption of the .05 level of statistical significance (see Kazdin, Chapter 16). One factor was Fisher referring to it in his 1925 book. Cowels and Davis (2016) stated that this may have been the first time the .05 level was referred to as statistical significance. Therefore, this may have been the most important contribution for the universal adoption of the .05 level, specifically. That being said, there were multiple contributions by previous researchers who also deserve credit for the evolution of statistical significance at the .05 level. Therefore, Fisher cannot be credited as the sole inventor of this concept. He can be credited as the first individual who recorded the .05 level and starting a trend that is universally practiced today. Another factor was the development of the law of frequency errors. In the 17th century, Huygens published work about reasoning strategies for dice games and other games of chance. A subsequent publication from De Moivre was published into three editions during the 18th century. De Moivre’s works were said to be highly influential to the scientific field since it generated the bell-shaped curve (Cowels & Davis, 2016). Soon thereafter, Laplace and Gauss applied distribution principles, previously used for gambling, to the scientific field. The development of the law of frequency errors and then the transfer to the scientific field can be credited, then, as a
During the 1890’s, the United States began building and advancing their economy, as well as focusing more independently on becoming an even more powerful nation. Not only did the Americans begin to create a stronger national military and navy, they also began to look overseas towards the Pacific Ocean for resources and territories; this is when America began to look less like a national power and more like an imperial power. There were many reasons as to why the United States began to expand between 1880-1929, two of which include the military opportunities countries abroad had to offer, such as Pearl Harbor, as well as the domestic and political objectives the U.S. felt obligated to fulfill. Although, there were many important reasons for the United States to began to expand, the most significant reason for the expansionist foreign policy was the economic resources and opportunities other foreign countries had to offer the U.S.
Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you interpret the statistical significance of a study.
1.What two factors did you investigate in your procedure, and why did you choose to compare these two factors?
Testing allows the p-value that represents the probability showing that results are unlikely to occur by chance. A p-value of 5% or lower is statistically significant. The p value helps in minimizing Type I or Type II errors in the dataset that can often occur when the p value is more than the significance level. The p value can help in stopping the positive and negative correlation between the dataset to reject the null hypothesis and to determine if there is statistical significance in the hypothesis. Understanding the p value is very important in helping researchers to determine the significance of the effect of their experiment and variables for other researchers
What was your rationale for selecting this particular study to analyze over the others identified in the search results?
2. What data and method does the author use to evaluate this intervention? Why was that data and method used?
An alpha level of 0.05 is arbitrary and was set as a standard by scientists. One of the key concepts in hypothesis testing is that of significance level or, the alpha level, which specifies the probability level for the evidence to be an unreasonable estimate. Unreasonable means that the estimate should not have taken its particular value unless some non-chance factor(s) had operated to alter the nature of the sample such that it was no longer representative of the population of interest. (Price, 2000)
There is a significance, but is it practical or meaningful? It depends on the context and circumstance, therefore, 0.01 is not practical compared to the benefit I gain from buying the California Olive Ranch brand which is lower in price with better quality (previous study). However, if studies had shown that the quality was inferior, then 0.01 would be practical significance. Knowing whether the probability is significance or practical helps us in our decision. If I want to increase the cost of X by 1cent and by competitors have a lower price with same quality, then it is not practical to increase the cost by a penny and lose my customer. Do you have any question before we end our
1. Describe the context (why it was done, the general interest and what the researchers wanted to find out) of the research and research question (what is the hypothesis). /10
Reading Chapter 14 of Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics (Salkind, 2014), it would be easy to overlook R. A. Fisher and his contributions to modern scientific experiment design and data analysis. With the exception of a parenthetical reference as the creator of the ANOVA test statistic, no further information about Fisher or his influence on statistical theory and practice is provided. Additional reading reveals Fisher to be one of the most significant statisticians of the 20th century.
Back in the 19th century, there was a common belief that God had destined The United States to expand entirely across the North American continent, and eventually across the entire Western Hemisphere. They believed that what they were doing was justifiable, because they believed that God was telling them to do this. It had a huge impact on who America is today as a country and if the expansion had not occurred, it is easy to believe that America would not be the thriving and successful country that it is now. There were many positive sides to Manifest Destiny such as; America was successful in expanding its land from the east to the west coast, which is a positive, because it allowed many people to come to America who otherwise would not have had the chance because there would have been no room for any more people. Another positive side is that it gave America a lot more culture than it had before. But if there is a positive side, that means there has to be a negative side. One of the negative sides to Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion was that they did whatever they could possibly do to get that land and they did not care who it hurt, killed, or negatively affected in the process. This is the reason why so many people debate whether or not manifest destiny was a good or a bad thing, because there are valid reasons for both sides.
10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. Results (max. 150 words). 25% of credit. Explain what has been found with this line of research,
The progress of expansion in the United States is one filled with complicated, complex, and irrational decisions. Geographically, North America changed dramatically by having the landmass grow, through discovery, by at least doubling what it was before. The European discovery of North America, the Mississippian shatter zone, Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican-American war are all historical events that changed the path and future of America dramatically, through the making of controversial decisions.
Currently, America is a very different country as compared to its political, social and economic status at the end of the Civil War. The Civil War is widely recognized as a major event in the country's historical consciousness since it played a crucial role in determining what kind of nation the United States would be. This is mainly because it resolved two essential questions and concerns that were left undetermined by the Revolution of 1776-1783. First, the Civil War helped in determining whether America would be an inseparable nation with a sovereign central government or dissolvable union of independent states. Secondly, the historic event helped to determine whether the United States would remain as the largest country with slaves across the globe despite the declaration that every individual has equal right to freedom.