Key Meteorological Data:
The determination of the weight of the atmosphere by Torricelli in 1643 was of course the first step in the development of meteorology to the rank of a science. The discovery of the air-thermometer by Sanctorius of Padua in 1590 laid the base of a helpful revolution in the science. Meteorology refers to the science of atmospheric phenomena and study of physical forces in the atmosphere like heat, wind and movement of air. The degree to which air pollutants discharged from various sources depends on meteorological conditions. The important air meteorological parameters that influence air pollution are as follows:
1. Wind Direction and Speed
2. Temperature Inversion
3. Wind Rose
4. Mixing Height
5. Plume Behaviour
6. Lapse Rate etc.
1. Wind Direction and Speed: Wind speed (wind flow velocity), is caused by air moving from high pressure to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed describes how fast the air is moving past a certain point. This may be an averaged over a given unit of time, such as miles per hour, or an instantaneous speed, which is reported as a peak wind speed, wind gust or squall. Wind speed and direction are important for monitoring and predicting atmospheric dispersion. The direction and speed of winds govern drift and diffusion of air pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. In other words, the pollutants discharges into the atmosphere are totally depends on the direction and speed of the wind. The
As storm relative velocity helps analyze the motion of the winds within the storm, information like the rotation of the storm and the speed of the winds can help investigate the chances of the storm developing into a tornado. If the storm appears to be a threat, nearby communities can be notified to take precautions and leave if necessary. Although base velocity can be used for the same reason, the speed of the storm can affect the results of the speed and rotation of winds. Therefore, storm relative velocity is more accurate and reliable than base velocity in determining the threat of a
The process begins when the sun starts to heats up the surface which creates warm air. The warm, less heavy air rises and converges with the cold less heavy air above. This process is known as wind shears. Wind shears are when two
Air pollution has been a major problem throughout world for the past 5 decades i.e. a few years after the industrial revolution. There are two types of air pollutions a) Natural and b) Anthropogenic, of which the natural causes (volcanoes, forest fires and tornadoes) are not in the control of man (Mosley 2010). Anthropogenic air pollution on the hand is a type of anomaly in the atmosphere where foreign objects are released into the air entirely by man and his activities (Industries, transport) and are controllable.
As stated in the last paragraph air pressure is made up of air molecules. But wind is made up almost completely different. Wind is the flow of air or other gases that make up the atmosphere. Wind is so strong that it can cause to make differrent landscapes or cause a tornado also known as a cycone. There are global winds, such as the wind belts which are between the atmospheric circulation cells. There winds which typically include certain type of cells in the air that are called jet streams. Gusts are short-lived increases in the strength of the
When air undergoes a deflection from it’s path, and it is a result of earth’s rotation.
“Discuss how both direct and indirect scientific measurements of atmospheric composition over the last 10,000 years have informed the climate change debate”.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity, and barometric pressure. Weather can be classified as day to day temperature and precipitation activity, where climiate is average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. Weather occurs from temperature and moisture differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet stream. Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as "extratropical cyclones", are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's axis is tilted
The approximate direction of the wind at the surface in Figure 1 is from the NNW to the SSE. The isobars indicate the general direction the wind is blowing, and due to the location being in the Southern Hemisphere, the Coriolis Effect means the wind will circulate around an area of low atmospheric pressure clockwise, with the low pressure to our left when we are facing into the wind.
Over the past century there is a drastic change on Earth's Atmosphere mainly because of interference of human activities like using fossil fuels as a source of energy, and emission of greenhouse gases due to industrial processes.These activities have release a large amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases causing Earth’s average temperature to rise by 1.4’ and is expected to rise up to 11.5’F such changes can result in undesirable consequences.
They build winds that reach speeds of 74 mph of higher (119 kilometers per hour)
An air mass is an extremely large body of air with temperatures and moisture characteristics that are relatively similar in a horizontal direction. Air masses form in air mass source regions where winds are light or nonexistent. This allows air to stagnate for a long period of time, thus forming an air mass. Given this, air mass weather characteristics are largely determined by the surface over which they develop. Air masses can form over land or water, generally falling into (5) categories which include: Continental polar (cP), Maritime polar (mP), Continental tropical (cT), Maritime tropical (mT) and Continental artic (cA). While air masses can move, otherwise
‘Low pressure atmospheric systems have more of a short term impact than high pressure systems.’ Discuss.
Air masses are an important part of the common weather phenomenons that we experience every day. They can dictate almost every aspect of Meteorology and Climatology. They are responsible for such occurrences as: amount of precipitation and type of precipitation, temperature in a given area, and what types of storms are most likely to take place in a given area. Air masses are also formed all across the globe and, depending on where and when it is formed, can be one of several different types. I believe the most important determining factor when forming an air mass is the amount of atmospheric pressure that certain region of the Earth has at the time of the formation of the air mass.
Growing up, the weather was always a vital part of my family’s every day life. My dad was a fish boat captain and to him the conditions outside shaped the outlook of his week. I used to sit with him on Sunday’s before he left for work and watch the radar. He taught me old fishermen’s tales like sundogs bring rain, and “red skies at night sailors delight”. These memories with my dad instilled a love and respect for weather, and led to me wanting to pursue a career in professional meteorology.
The rotation of the Earth moves this air current eastward to form the African Easterly Jet, which then moves out into the Atlantic Ocean. According to the plot, the average wind speed is approximately 10 knots. We also see that the wind from the equator is flowing northward, but as soon as it reaches 10N wee see it flowing eastward to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. When Hurricane Katrina transitions from a Category 3 to a Category 4, we see that the wind speed increases to more than 20 knots, and the direction of the winds takes up a vortex orientation in the Gulf of