Thesis Statement For Diabetes

Liver is known as the metabolic port of entry for any endobiotic and xenobiotic substance. The anabolism and catabolism of most of the nutrients are in major performed by the liver. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism by the liver is of significance as the anomalies in metabolism of these nutrients may introduce several types of metabolic syndromes. The protective effects of aqueous green tea extract have been shown on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models [74]. Different nutrients combinations were tested in a long-term feeding in experimental mouse model. Regional and continental food habit and practices are very much different. Effects of Western, vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat

In this study, one group of male rats were given water sweetened with HFCS in addition to their standard diet and another group of male rats received water sweetened with table sugar with their standard diet for a period of 6 months. The proportion of HFCS used in the study was half the amount of the sugar used. The study “monitored weight gain, body fat and triglyceride levels in rats”. The male rats that had HFCS in their diet gained about 48 percent more weight (characteristic of obesity). They also had substantial increases in abdominal fat and circulating triglycerides (i.e. a “fatty liver”). "In humans, these same characteristics are known risk factors for high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, cancer and

A systematic literature review was conducted to include articles published in English and limited to peer-reviewed journal articles written after the year 2000. The databases used were Scopus, PubMed and Medline. Two series of search terms were used: 1) (diabetes) AND (food OR fruit OR vegetable OR nutrition

Insulin resistance can also be caused by increased triglycerides and free fatty acids intake. This is due to the effect Triglycerides and free fatty acids have on insulin stimulated signal pathways, translocation protein-4 and glucose uptake (Choi, Jung, Park, & Song, 2004). It is found that CLA has a regulatory effect on glucose and lipid metabolism regulators. CLA affects the PPAR-y ligand, a major receptor that influences the expression and transcription of genes that are related to the metabolic effects of glucose and lipids. Such protein regulators as aP2, insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4, FATp, ACS and adiponectin are all influenced by increased CLA. (Xiao-Rong Zhoua, Chang-Hao Suna, Jia-Ren Liua, b, Dan Zhaoa, 2008). It was also theorized that CLA may act on other glucose regulators such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphate, glucokinase, sterol-regulation element finding protein, acyl coenzyme A oxidase, fatty acid synthase and uncoupling protein. Testing done on rats with a mixture of cis 9, trans 11 and trans 10, cis 12 CLA had found that the only effected regulatory agents were regulators involved in gluconeogenesis such as Phosphoenol carboxykinase and transcriptional factors, sterol-regulating element binding protein-1c and PPAR-y (Choi, Jung, Park, & Song, 2004). The main regulatory effect on insulin resistance was the effect on ligand PPAR-y, a key regulator in lipid homeostasis. Mixtures of CLA isomers consisting of cis 9, trans 11 and trans 10,cis 12 effect gene expression of PPARy mRNA in rats. It was found to have affected the levels of aP2, FATP, ACS and adipoenectin mRNA expression in adipose tissue. CLA increased These regulatory proteins resulting in an uptake of free fatty acids into the adipose tissue and decreasing uptake into the muscle tissue. This has been found to improve muscle insulin

Only 35% of the subjects had diabetes but it was still concluded that the LCKD had significant improvements of glycaemia. Results were obtained by measuring fasting glucose and HbA1c. HbA1c improved and a decrease in diabetic medications also occurred. Similar results are reported in a therapeutic review on individuals with type II diabetes (). Hypoglycemia was not present because glucose was produced from the glycerol that was liberated via lipolysis and from glycogenic amino acids. Individuals who had close adherence to the LCKD were able to maintain their blood glucose levels and no longer needed insulin treatment. Studies found that higher circulating ketones in the blood concentration were associated with better glycemic control. Studies measuring HbA1c to show glycemic change showed a decrease from 7.3% to 6.3%, with improvements in insulin

Almost everyone knows somebody who is suffering from diabetes, from family members or just acquaintances; the number of people associated with diabetes is colossal. A total of 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population have diabetes according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), (2014). This incredibly dreadful disease is commonly known as diabetes; its medical term is Diabetes Mellitus. “Mellitus is the Latin word for “sweet like honey”, referring to the excess glucose in the blood and urine of a patient with diabetes” according to Ladd, D. L., & Altshuler, A. (2013).

It was reported that RT enhances the metabolic profile in type 2 diabetes(T2DM)., slows the progression of age-related sarcopenia., prevents osteoporosis., reduced risk of low grade inflammation related diseases., and can prevent T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.

L., Moreno Luna, A. Y., Reed, R. L., Miranda, C. L., Bobe, G., Proteau, R. R., & Stevens, J. F., 2013). The highest dose group had a notably lower plasma glucose level in comparison to the control group, in males but not females and there was also a large decrease in body weight for male rats in the highest dose group; In comparison to the rats that received no xanthohumol, which was also not seen in female rats either (Legette, L. L., Moreno Luna, A. Y., Reed, R. L., Miranda, C. L., Bobe, G., Proteau, R. R., & Stevens, J. F., 2013). One interesting thing researchers learned was that the plasma cholesterol, insulin, triglycerides, MCP-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), as well as food intake were not affected by treatment. These findings prove that xanthohumol has beneficial effects on markers of metabolic syndrome. This is useful because this means that it has been proven that researchers have answered their thesis and discovered that xanthohumol does have an effect on lowering body weight in obese male Zucker fa/fa rats. With this knowledge I believe that if we continue to experiment with xanthohumol as a potential drug, we would be able to eventually learn how to apply it to humans safely, in the hopes of creating a new efficient treatment alternative or even a cure for

This primary article aimed to determine whether Wistar rats had a change in weight and food intake after consuming non- nutritive sweeteners and sucrose. 30 Wistar rats weighing about 200-300 g were taken for this experiment. They were kept in a 44 x 34 x 16 cm cage to control their activity, and divided into 3 groups of 10 Wistar rats, where each group was given either aspartame, sucrose or saccharin incorporated with yoghurt and water. This experiment was of 12 weeks, after which their body mass was measured. The final mass was determined by substracting the basal mass from the gained mass. It could be seen that the Wistar rats consuming aspartame and saccharin gained more weight compared to the Wistar rats feeding sucrose. It could be concluded

The researchers demonstrated that human liver cells would secrete insulin as well as control blood glucose levels in vivo by testing diabetic immunedeficient mice. They observed how well a mouse would improve the state of hyperglycemia. They observed the immunodeficient mice before and during the times of the study to attribute the change in the glucose blood levels were due to the liver

Diabetes Overview - While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

Group VI: Diabetic rats treated daily and orally with L-methionine (50 mg/kg b.w) for two weeks.

Type 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder, which prevents the body from producing enough insulin to breakdown sugars from food to be used as energy. diabetes can have terrible effects on the body and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Dey, 2011, pg. 231). Being that it is also the most common metabolic disorder in the world today many researchers have begun looking into possible solutions to this disease. One team includes that of Mohammadreza Vafa, Farhad Mohammadi, Farzad Shidfar, Mohammadhossein Salehi Sormaghi, Iraj Heidari, Banafshe Golestan, and Fatemehsadat Amiri, who researched how cinnamon effected diabetic patients. The

Diabetes directly caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012(Global reports on diabetes, WHO, 2016). Diabetes is a result of improper functioning of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism resulting in resistance to the insulin being produced by the pancreas which finally results into higher blood glucose levels. It can further lead to many complications such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, neuropathy and nephropathy if not managed. There is strong evidence suggesting that T2DM is a result of failure of beta-cells in the pancreas. It starts as a decrease in the response by the peripheral tissues to insulin (insulin resistance) and gradually affects the functioning of beta-cells of pancreas, finally resulting in severe destruction of the cells and hence there is little or no insulin production in the body which results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood glucose levels[1]. Controlling diabetes involves changes in dietary habits, exercise and use of conventional medications. However, traditional medicines can have adverse side effect and can be expensive. Lot of investigations continue to be done to check the efficacy of natural medicinal herbs and spices to manage a whole range of diseases including diabetes

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three