Traumatic Brain Injury Research Paper

Long-term consequences have many different effects. There are four categories that a person with long-term effects may suffer: alteration of consciousness, cognitive difficulties, physical difficulties, and emotional/behavioral difficulties. They may have problems thinking, learning, talking, walking, and remembering for the rest of their lives. Any person that has had a brain injury is at risk of later having a seizure. Seizures are a result of damaged cells in the brain and can occur right after or even years after having a TBI.

A mild TBI is “Defined as the result of the forceful motion of the head or impact causing a brief change in mental status (confusion, disorientation or loss of memory) or loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes” (Lenrow, M.D., 2006). I’ve

A tramatic brain injury or TBI is a injury that occurs when a unexpected impact causes the brain to hit the inside of the skull in a accelerated motion. There are different types of tramatic brain injuries mild, moderate and severe. Mild tramatic brain injury or mTBI is the most common brain injury. It is said that about 1.7 billion TBI’s occur in the united states each year. And of that number roughly 80% of those are mild TBI’s. (hyatt) TBI may be associated with a diminished or altered state of consciousness at the time of injury and often leads to cognitive, neurologic, or psychological impairment. It is classified by level of severity as mild, moderate, or severe. Glasgow Coma Scale score in the first 24 hours after injury, and whether

A traumatic brain injury is a dysfunction of the brain as a result of an outside mechanical force; usually involving a violent blow to the head.

the head. In the United States alone, an average of 1.4 million people suer from TBI each

Sometimes, the effects of TBIs are severe, or lasting. In these cases, it is common for workers to be unable to return to their former position, or to work at all. Those who sustain their injuries in the workplace may be eligible for workers’ compensation benefits. However, changes in employment status may still put a financial strain on injured workers, as well as their families.

Katherine Krpan, Nicole Anderson and Donald Stuss examined the obstacles patients encountered when trying to cope with a traumatic brain injury. Coping with a TBI is the last outcome after the injury has occurred. Results showed that there were three factors which limit the individual’s ability to effectively cope with TBI. There is limited understanding of what is going on in the patient’s mind after diagnosis has been made. Often, those with TBI are incapable of performing complex actions or verbal processes and cannot explain how they are feeling about the injury. In addition, patients are unable to understand exactly why they cannot do their normal daily routines easily or without help. Finally, individuals with TBI’s often have other psychological factors which inhibit their inability to effectively cope with the injury; such as, depression, anxiety or PTSD. The area of the brain primarily concentrated on within this study was the frontal lobe and how different areas of damage within the frontal lobe effect the ability to cope with a TBI (Krpan, K. M., Anderson, N. D., & Stuss, D. T., 2013) .

Injuries associated with TBI are divided into two categories: primary injuries and secondary injuries. Primary injuries are the direct physical damage incurred at the moment the trauma occurs. Secondary brain injuries occur indirectly as a result of trauma and usually appear hours or days after the initial injury. Secondary injuries exist as result of or separate from the initial injury. They cause complications such as hemorrhaging, alterations in intracranial pressure (ICP), and neurological deficits. Deterioration can occur even after patients have been downgraded from critical status. Approximately 40% of all cases of TBI deteriorate after hospitalization. These complications are a major cause of death in people with a TBI (Narayan et al., 2002). The brain normally maintains a state of homeostasis, meaning the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) stays within a normal range to adequately carry blood to the brain. The protective

Traumatic brain injury victims should seek medical help first, and then seek legal assistance. Victims may need different types of rehabilitation (e.g. speech therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychological/psychiatric services). The costs of rehabilitation is unpredictable and may not be fully covered by medical or auto insurance. A traumatic brain injury lawyer will help a victim asses their options for seeking compensation for rehabilitation, medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering and other unexpected

Traumatic brain injuries are usually sustained when an individual sustains a brain injury due to an external force or accident. The key characteristics of traumatic brain injuries are varied, can range from mild to severe, and depend on many factors. The most common key characteristics of traumatic brain injuries are “physical impairment, sensory impairment, emotional disturbance, disruption of cognition, and language problems” (Raymond, 2000). The result of the traumatic brain injury can be temporary or permanent. Students however may very well retain some of their previous abilities and will need help to make the transition back to school with whatever adjustments may

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) also known as intracranial injury is a substantial head injury that results in damage to the brain. Traumatic brain injury is According to national institute of neurological disorders and stroke “Traumatic brain injury can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue” (NINDS 2016). The head hits really hard into a collision course with the inside of the skull for possible bruising, bleeding, and tearing of nerve fibers. Traumatic brain injuries has several types of damage and how one hits the head.

The consequences for sustaining brain injury of any magnitude can have a life changing effect on the individual and the family. Whether the person is an adult or a child their life changes drastically. There are various types of brain injuries; the one that is in detail in this paper is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) of any degree. The obstacles a person has to overcome to become rehabilitated are numerous, tedious, and frustrating. The expenses that a person or family have to pay for rehabilitation are tremendous, and many cannot afford the treatments.

TBI is defined as an acquired brain injury that occurs if the head is violently or suddenly struck causing damage to the brain (Shen et al., 2016). This injury may be focal or diffused, open or closed Skull injury depending on the type of causes (Blast, accident, sports related injury, violence) and severity (mild, moderate, severe). Brain injury resulted from external force causes macroscopic tissue damage at the time of injury and initiate cellular processes that evolve over hours and days. Generally, it takes less than 100 milliseconds to initiate the primary injury, which further results in prolonged and progressive pathophysiological events known as secondary injury, the later outcome of the biomolecular and physiological changes following

TBI termed as Traumatic Brain Injury is an intracranial injury that often occurs when an external force is applied to the brain. TBI survivors encounter changes in cognition, sensorimotor function and personality. Incidents caused by rapid change in acceleration, blast waves, crush or penetration by a projectile. This could result in temporary or permanent impairment of cognitive, physical and psychological functions. In TBI, the primary injury is an external force, that induces mechanical tissue deformation, resulting in necrotic cell death, shearing and tearing of the vessels, neurons, glial and initiation of secondary injury. A primary injury would basically result in the immediate rupture of the brain tissue. A secondary injury involves

Injury can be classified as mild, moderate and severe depending on the extent of the damage to the brain (NINDS, n.d.). According to the article, individuals with TBI suffers from major changes in psychosocial, behavioral and emotional status which effects their ability to participate in daily functional activities tremendously. Article further adds that long term effects of TBI has high numbers of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, sleep disorders etc. (Wheeler, Acord-Vira & Davis, 2016). A research was conducted in 51 sub-acute and chronic stage TBI patients to evaluate the behavioral changes specifically emotion recognition and self-awareness after moderate and severe injury. The patients were assessed using emotion recognition test (FEEST) and a questionnaire for behavioral problems (DEX) proxy and self-rating version. According to the research, patients exhibited significant behavioral problems on Dex test both version. Patients also demonstrated high rate of sadness and anger on FEEST which correlated with impaired self-awareness. Hence, article concludes that deficits in emotion recognition can be conceived as markers for behavioral problems and lack of insight in TBI patients (Jacoba, S et.al. 2013). The holistic and client centered care are core aspect of occupational therapy. With various changes in clients with TBI, OT can use their clinical