“All...shall taste the wages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)”
King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome depictions of suffering our protagonists experience . There is no natural (nor “poetic”) justice depicted in this pre-Judeo-Christian world Shakespeare presents, as the relatively virtuous individuals (Kent, Gloucester, and Cordelia) in this
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The “gods” are indifferent to the suffering because humans, not gods, are the main perpetrators of the profound cruelty found in this play. Because man has the power to both undermine societal “nature” and restore it, whether through Edmund’s Machiavellian moral transgressions in his quest for power or Edgar’s actions to combat them, these characters take the place of their respective, self-created deities.
Pagan Gods
King Lear is set in a time where even though swords and kings existed, and knights still roamed the land, people still believed in the pagan gods. This is elucidated by the various mentions of the gods (plural) throughout the play, and the lack of a single entity (God). When King Lear disowns Cordelia, he does so by invoking “the sacred radiance of the sun” and “the mysteries of Hecate and the night.” (I.i.110-111) He later swears “by Apollo” to warn Kent, in which Kent rebukes by saying “Thou swear’st thy gods in vain.” (I.i.164) Lastly, when France proclaims his love for Cordelia he blames the “Gods” for possessing in him a quality that allows him to be so attracted Cordelia’s virtues. (I.i.263)
However, this Pagan world contains the same “Slave morality” that Judean metaphysics claims, that Nietzche himself criticizes.
As Wilson Knight states, the frequent pleas to the gods "show at most an insistent need in humanity to cry for justification to something beyond its horizon" (188).
In fact he extrapolate, "These
In the world of King Lear, being a shakespearean tragedy, suffering, loss, and injustice are all factors often expected before an audience enters the bottomless pit of complicated characters, varying agendas, and Shakespearean english these productions usually employed. However, despite its melancholy undertone and lack of warmer lighting gels on stage, King Lear is not without hope.
Throughout King Lear, it becomes clear to the audience that Lear does not treat his subjects in a respectable, ethical fashion. Furthermore, evidence in the text suggests that King Lear has behaved this way for the entirety of his reign. It is only when Lear is mistreated and tossed out into the raging tempest that he realizes how unfair many lives are, as he is lowered to the same level of those who are less fortunate. As a result of his guilt and remorse, King Lear vows to act ‘goodly’ and restore justice: “O, I have ta’en / Too little care of this…That thou may’st shake the superflux to them / And show the heavens more just” (III, iv,
King Lear follows the domestic troubles of two families and their subsidiary workers over the course of a few days in eighth century Britain. Throughout the play King Lear and his fellow nobleman, Gloucester, make several poor judgements based on tradition that send their familial relations in a downward spiral. In the paper Natural Justice and King Lear, Paul M. Shupack analyzes this phenomena and states “So long as people could persuade themselves that tradition defined what was natural and just, and so long as kings saw their role was to enforce traditional rights, the tension between law and morals remained hidden”(Shupack 67). Here Shupack recognizes that eighth century noblemen like Lear and Gloucester tended to approach justice traditionally. In the context
In Shakespeare’s “King Lear,” the characters that are in an authoritative role display a disregard for the world around them, revealed only when their positions of power are taken away from them, which affirms the author’s theme that supremacy prevails over a chaotic society. Throughout the tragedy, there is a constant battle between the individual in charge, which is King Lear, and the individuals whom the power is being given to, which are his daughters. The abuse of power reveals a sense of betrayal, and ultimately affects the whole country being ruled under the King.
When one contemplates the essence of being a king, one imagines that a king would never want for anything and that his later years would be carefree. In reading King Lear, one sees a seamier side of life for a particular king. Lear draws the audience’s attention to this in Act 3 when he cries out pitifully, “I am a man / More sinned against than sinning.” Although Lear undoubtedly made a huge mistake when he divided his kingdom and banished two people who were very dear to him. However, the sins his two ungrateful daughters committed against him far outweighed the wrongs he had done to others.
Not everyone chooses to follow rules or traditions, many in fact would rather learn the hard way. Many rules and traditions may not always fit with everyone in society, some may even very much discriminate towards a group or even might not benefit them in anyways. In Shakespeare 's play, King Lear, there is an underlying tension between one’s way of living against how society set things up to work. Through the play, we are introduced to multiple characters, Edmund and Lear, who chooses to live life as they would want it to be even knowing the consequences that come with trying to achieve it. Edmund, a bastard, wants power and entitlement which society will not allow him to have whereas Lear wants to keep all his power after he gives up his
Albany is constantly insulted for his feebleness; however, he gains his masculine power as the result of the gender role’s oppression and conflict. Besides providing the crucial concept of gender role’s conflicts within King Lear, Shakespeare also renders a twist within this issue as either gender can be easily afflicted by the gender role’s alteration. Albany plays the role of balancing good and evil in the entire play, but he is still affected by Goneril’s vile characteristic. In the article, “Albany as Archetype in King Lear” by Warren Stevenson, the author further explains, “In Act IV, scene ii, he has grown from the passive but inquisitive agent of Act I, scene iv, to a man roused to active and righteous passion. He gives full expression of his horror at the wrongs and of his disgust with Goneril” (Stevenson 220). Even though the readers do not see much dialogue from Albany, Shakespeare yearns to maintain Albany as a passive male character in the beginning without much action committed. Later on in the story, the readers can perceive a disadvantageous situation occurs to him as his pride is degraded by Goneril. Ultimately, Albany’s passive characteristic is crucially afflicted by Goneril’s corrupted masculine power. Even if Goneril continuously attacks Albany’s manhood, Shakespeare wants the readers to understand that within this precarious situation, Albany can only be allowed to express his aggravation through words without committing atrocious action towards Goneril.
American literary critic Harold Bloom, known for his love of Shakespeare said, “Shakespeare is universal… he has hidden himself behind all of these extraordinary men and women.” Shakespeare is able to connect with many who encounter his work by creating a range of characters such as heroes in the form of Hamlet or villains in that of Claudius. Playwright William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and King Lear demonstrate the manipulation of family to achieve one’s ends. Personal gain through family is a significant contributing factor to both of these tragedies. Their gifts of language and its delivery is a clear example as well as these villains having no qualms about ignoring morals, and betraying their own blood. Despite the tragic endings, there is
He also banishes Kent, who was nothing but loyal to him and this is when problems start. Lear decides to give up all responsibilities of being king, but wants to still enjoy the power. It turns out all his power is taken away and Regan and Goneril take over. They can do whatever they want and King Lear cannot do anything about it. His gullibility, blindness and disrespectfulness is what causes Lear to be put out in the storm and be left with nothing at all.
Blindness is a theme that we see throughout King Lear in many characters including King Lear, Gloucester and Albany. Although blindness is a theme it is also a psychological metaphor and can be defined as not having sight.2 Shakespeare forces us to see that being blind is a mental flaw just as much as it is a physical flaw. Lear is not only metaphorically blind but is also blind toward nastiness and loyalty . We see Gloucester’s blindness in more literal terms as he is literally blind but he can still see, and Albany has a more common form of blindness, as he is blind to his wife. These characters are only able to see after a tragic loss.
If there is any one element that sets The Tragedy of King Lear apart from other works in the Shakespearian canon, it is the expertly laced motifs. Throughout the play, Shakespeare investigates the dimension-defying problem of sanity versus madness, and all that those can imply for a person. Lear’s foolish decisions and raging monologues show that madness comes from an inability to adapt to changing circumstance, and is symptomatic of aging.
In the beginning of Shakespeare’s play “King Lear,” the Duke of Albany is very gray. If the reader were to look up the definition of “sitting on the fence” in the dictionary, there would be a picture of Albany next to it. Although the character Albany begins the play as a complacent character, his character matures greatly throughout the play. By the end of the play, he is one of the only characters left alive and he becomes king of England. Shakespeare’s character Albany in “King Lear” shows questionable character traits in the beginning; but in the end, he shows his worthiness to rule the kingdom.
In countless plays by Shakespeare, subplots are inserted to create more intricate and colorful stories. These subplots also help draw out ideas and concepts that are important for the audience to see, helping them understand the main plot better. One of Shakespeare’s plays, King Lear, has a subplot which shows the concepts of family bonds and identity. Shakespeare starts out the play with the subplot to show the audience that it is vital to know their part of the story to see the resolution of the main plot. The purpose of the subplot is to strengthen the purpose of the main characters’ lives in order to show the reader Shakespeare’s argument of humanity.
There are many “tragic heroes” in literature in many different genres. The aspects of a tragic hero include a good man who has royalty in his blood, one tragic flaw, suffer, and then overcome their flaw once they finally open their eyes to what is really going on. Not only do tragic heroes suffer, but they cause others to suffer as well, but this can play a huge role in a work as a whole. King Lear is the tragic hero in, of course, King Lear. King Lear suffers from not knowing who he truly is, and this brings a major downfall on not only him, but the downfall on many others, including his family.
Upon the introduction of Shakespeare’s tragedy, the ageing character of King Lear is shown to be a man of great ambition empowered by his position in the natural order. His characteristic flaw of misjudgement, however, causes him to betray the natural order alongside the character Gloucester in the parallel plotline. In this representation of Lear seen in Act I scene i his flaw of misjudgement causes him to pursue his “darker purpose” and divide his kingdom “in three” (Act I scene i) through the process of a symbolic ‘love test’. Not only does Lear metaphorically betray the natural order by disregarding his position and power but he also betrays the loyalty of Cordelia. He disowns his ‘joy’ after she fails to partake in flattering his ego - announcing “from whom we do exist and cease to be/ here I disclaim all my paternal care” (act I scene i). This scenario causes the reader to contemplate the nature of his position as