1. Perform encryption and decryption using the RSA algorithm for p=3, q=5, e-7, d=3, M=13, where p, q are two prime numbers used to generate modulus n, e is the public key component, d is the private key component and M is the message.
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Encryption and Decryption
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- A symmetric block encryption algorithm is shown below. 16-bit blocks of plaintext P are encrypted using a 32-bit key. Encryption is defined as: C = (P EX_OR Ko) + K1 C is the ciphertext, K is the secret key, Ko is the leftmost 16 bits of K, K1 is the rightmost 16 bits of K, EX_OR is bitwise exclusive OR, and + is binary addition. a. The ciphertext C must be the same size as the plaintext P, that is, it must not be larger than 16 bits. How can this be achieved? b. Show the decryption equation. How will the encrypted message be decrypted?Consider a cryptosystem where the user enters a key in the form of a password. a. Assume a password consists of 10 characters , where each one is encoded using the ASCII scheme (7 bits per character). What is the size of the key space? b. What is the corresponding key length in bits? c. Assume that most users use 26 letters (lower and upper case) from the alphabet, what is the corresponding key length in bits in this case? d. At least how many characters are required for a password in order to generate a key length of 192 bits in case of letters consisting of(i). 7- bit characters?(ii). 26 lowercase letters from the alphabet?8. A security system is used to encrypt the password of a cryptocurrency wallet (crypto wallet) and generate 10 different codes that the owner of the wallet can copy on 10 papers that he will hide with great care. So if a thief finds 1 of these hidden papers, he will not be able to unlock the wallet. Indeed it would be necessary to have at least 6 (any 6) codes to reconstitute the secret passphrase and unlock the wallet. How is it possible ?
- 1 Consider the following encrypted message: YBAGRBO This message was encrypted using a standard transposition code with the following key: (3, 2, 7, 1, 6) The message is the name of a person. Decrypt this message below: 2. Create your own encrypted message using a standard transposition code. Show the work below, and write the key, the message, and the encrypted message. Key: Message: Encrypted message:1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…Q4:- A fast computer is used to break a ciphertext (A) using columnar transposition cipher that needs 150 attempts, the speed of processor is 4 MIPS (million instructions per second), and each attempt needs 5 instructions. Another computer of speed 3 MIPS is used to break ciphertext (B) using Caesar Cipher that needs 110 attempts, and each attempt needs 4 instructions for ciphertext (B). Determine which ciphertext will be broken first (consider the worst case, i.e. the last attempt is the successful one), write your answer in details?
- A block cipher has block length 3. When the key is k, the results of encrypting a block with this cipher are given in the table below: m E(m, k) m E(m, k) 000 011 100 101 001 111 101 110 010 001 110 010 011 000 111 100 (i) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CBC mode, with key k and IV 111. (ii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in ECB mode, with key k. (iii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CTR mode, with key k and initial counter value 100.1. We have defined a symmetric cryptography algorithm using the XOR operator. Assume our messages (before encryption) consist of only uppercase and lowercase letters, digits and blank character. In addition, assume the key size is only one byte which is an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive). The pseudocode of the proposed encryption algorithm is as follows: Read the message // for example message=”Hi” Read the key // for example key=10 Cipher_text=[] //an empty list for i=1 to len(message): Cipher_text= Cipher_text.append(XOR(message[i],key)) Return Cipher_text Assume XOR function, takes a character and the key, then returns the result of bitwise XOR of ASCII code of the letter with the key as an (one byte) integer. For example, if message=”Hi” and key=10, then we should first calculate the ASCCI code of “H” which is 72 and find the result of (72 XOR 10) which is 66. Then the ASCCI code of “i” is 105, so the result of (105 XOR 10) is 99. Thus the Cipher_text would be…RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are two different types of ciphers. You are now given two large primes, p and q, a cryptographic hash function H(x).a) DESCRIBE the RSA algorithm. In your description, you should make clear how RSA keys are generated, how a message is encrypted and how a cipher text is decrypted.
- Data Encryptions and Cryptography Suppose Conny and Shelby apply ElGamal scheme with a common prime q = 71 and a primitive root a = 7. If Conny has public key Yp = 3 and Shelby choose the random integer k = 2, what is the ciphertext of M = 30? If Shelby now chooses a different value of k so that the encoding of M = 30 is C = (59, C2), what is the integer C2 ?The key to cracking a substitution cipher was first discovered by Arab scholars in the ninth century, but it was not widely known in the West until the fifteenth century. Once frequency analysis of ciphers became widespread, the plain substitution cipher became useless. To fix the problems in the substitution cipher, Blaise de Vigenère invented the strategy of using multiple letter mappings. Rather than using one key for the whole message, Vigenère’s idea was to use a different key for each letter of the message. Using a different key for each letter makes the frequency analysis much more difficult. The key to the Vigenère cipher is the Vigenère square. The rows shown here are simple rotations of the alphabet. Each row in the table shifts the letters of the alphabet one place to the left. When a letter shifts out of the first . The idea is to have the message we want to encode: secretmessage Alongside a word we will use to encrypt: encryptencrypt Plaint text s e c r…Given the RSA public key (3,70747) and private key (46811,70747). a. Encrypt the letter ‘z’ using its ASCII value and implement in python. b. Decrypt the result from the subtask above and generate the original text and implement in python. c. Encrypt the word ‘Cyber’ two characters at a time padding with a space and implement in python. d. Decrypt the following three blocks 14520 66071 27623. The blocks are the encryption of a five-letter word, encrypted two characters at a time and padded with a space. Recover the word and implement in python. d. The blocks are the encryption of a five letter word, encrypted two characters at a time and padded with a space. Recover the word and implement in python. e. Determine the maximum block size, in bits, that this modulus can encrypt and decrypt.