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- Explain the signifi cance of the observation that peptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe “activate” the phagocytotic (particle-engulfi ng) functions of mammalian leukocytes (white blood cells).diagram of the chain of infection for COVID-19Lamivudine (3TC) An analogue of deoxycytosine, a DNA component Needs to be first phosphorylated by cellular deoxycytosine kinase Indicated for HIV (both -1 and -2), and Hepatitis B (a DNA retrovirus, Baltimore Class VII) Toxicity for uninfected cells How does 3TC inhibit Hepatitis B?
- PROTEINS1. What will happen to free tyrosine after being subjected to xanthoproteic analysis (is it positive or negative, include color)2. What will happen to lysine after being subjected to millon's analysis (is it positive or negative, include color)The ACE2 receptor protein in humans has been getting a lot of press these days, as it apparently serves as a "receptor" for the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in addition to its normal functions. This protein has an isoelectric pH of 5.36. Suppose you want to purify this protein to study its properties, with the goal of developing a drug that would block it from binding the virus. Once you have purified the cell surface proteins from your cultured human lung cells away from all the other types of molecules in the cell, and all the cytoplasmic proteins, you might decide to use ion exchange chromatography to separate the ACE2 proteins from other proteins in your sample. If you plan to load your protein mixture onto your ion exchange column in a buffer at pH 7.4 (approximately physiological pH) and you want the ACE2 proteins to bind to the column, should you use a resin with a positive charge or a negative charge? Briefly explain why you chose the resin you selected.Poliovirus is highly cytopathic both in cultured cells and in animals. Inoculation of mice with poliovirus leads to a robust antibody and cellular response. Explain why mice infected with a poliovirus mutant that cannot cause cell death have poor antibody and cellular responses. What would be one strategy to restore robust antibody and cellular responses in mice infected with this mutant virus?
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- Article about RPA-mediated recruitment of Bre1 couples histone H2B ubiquitination to DNA replication and repair. The question, Explain the mechanism of the genotoxic agent invalidating the regulator and pathwayDescribe how the GPCR and MAPK pathways 'cross-talk' or interact with each other. Give support for your statements. Is cross-talk relevant for drug design? Why or why not?G-protein-coupled receptors on phagocytes link microbe recognition with increased efficiency of intracellular killing. The NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) test is used to diagnose the genetic disorder Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). To perform this test, peripheral blood cells from the patient are stimulated with bacterial extracts, and then incubated with the NBT compound. Normal neutrophils turn blue in this test due to cleavage of the compound, while patient neutrophils remain uncolored, as shown in Figure below. Name a neutrophil receptor that is likely to be stimulated by the bacterial extract in this assay, and describe how this receptor regulates the activity of the enzyme that cleaves NBT.