14) Review the process by which an action potential is conducted across a synapse. Suppose that in the future you become a researcher that is trying to cure a new neurological disorder. This disorder causes some post-synaptic neurons to fire action potentials too infrequently in response to the excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine. You want to design a medication that will target the cellular mechanisms that are causing this to happen at the synapse.

14) Review the process by which an action potential is conducted across a synapse. Suppose that in the future you become a researcher that is trying to cure a new neurological disorder. This disorder causes some post-synaptic neurons to fire action potentials too infrequently in response to the excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine. You want to design a medication that will target the cellular mechanisms that are causing this to happen at the synapse.

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TAHL: Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and...

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Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.
What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.
Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?
An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being introduced into the bloodstream. Explain the effects of Drug A on the action potentials produced by a neuron. If Drug A could be applied selectively to a presynaptic neuron that releases an excitatory neurotransmitter, analyse how would it alter the synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter on the presynaptic cell. Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 words
You are recording from two neurons in order to characterize the synapse that connects them. When the presynaptic neuron (Neuron A) fires an action potential, the postsynaptic neuron (Neuron B) is rapidly depolarized. You suspect that the synapse is electrical, and carry out the following experiments to test your hypothesis. A. When you try the converse experiment, and fıre an action potential in the Neuron B, you see a depolarization in the Neuron A. Based on your understanding of the different kinds of synaptic transmission does this support your hypothesis?
Describe at least 2 processes at the synapse that shift the effect of an action potential of a pre synaptic cell on the response of a post synaptic cell.
which one of the following statements is incorrect? a. temporal summation occurs when a single synaptic input is activated twice in succession, with the second postsynaptic potential occurring before the first postsynaptic potential is over. b. blocking voltage-gated k* channels in the presynaptic membrane of a typical chemical synapse is likely to reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a single action potential in the presynaptic axon. c. in the optic tectum of the hunting rattlesnake, spatial summation is used to combine inputs from visual and thermoreceptive layers in order to make a decision whether to strike at a mouse-like object. d. a single type of neurotransmitter can have different postsynaptic actions depending on the type of receptor to which it binds.
When an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?
Besides the standard post- and pre-synapse that exchange information, non neuronal cell types also play a role in synaptic transmission. One of those are called astrocytes and can form a tripartite synapse. Explain the roles of astrocytes in synaptic transmission.
Cystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease that causes the progressive breakdown of the myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Which of the following best describes the likely effect of cystic fibrosis on neuronal function? A B C D an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal a decrease in the conduction speed of the action potential along neuronal axons an unstoppable generation of action potential in affected neurons an inhibition in the generation of action potentials at neuronal dendrites
You are investigating the effects of a newly discovered cell type. You have an intact synapse (including pre- and post-synaptic neurons) in a dish and observe what happens upon electrical stimulation. Following electrical stimulation of the pre-synaptic neuron, you record an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron and an EPSP in the post-synaptic neuron. The synapse most likely utilizes which of the following neurotransmitters? Sodium (Na++) GABA Calcium (Ca++) Glutamate