14.23) All forms of life can have their cells invaded by viruses. When viruses take over plant or animal cells, we call this a viral infection. Several human infectious diseases, some of which are chronic diseases, are caused by viral infection. Using full sentences, explain how viruses infect cells and how the infection spreads to other cells in an organism.
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- In a [1] infection, the viral DNA is inserted into the host cells DNA. it remains there and is copied each time the cell multiplies.2.4 SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. How might this relate to the size and/or structure of viruses?11:49 C ( Notes Viruses infect healthy host cells by injecting their genetic material into the host cell and hijacking the cellular machinery of the cell to produce more viruses. Eventually, as the host cell produces more and more copies of the virus, it will explode, releasing the newly produced viruses into the surrounding environment to infect other host cells. Without a host cell, a virus is not capable of replicating itself. Based on the four principles of life discussed in class, are viruses alive? Please justify your answer.
- Viruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.Discuss the following statement: “Viruses exist in the twilight zone of life: outside cells they are simply dead assemblies of molecules; inside cells, however, they are alive.”Ch 19 – Viruses and Prions Describe the main parts of a virus. Why are viruses called parasites? Describe the lytic cycle of a virus. Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus. What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of a virus? What are vaccines? Define the words “Emerging Virus” and “Pandemic”. Give examples of human diseases caused by viruses. What is a prion and viron? Are prion and virons viruses? Give examples of human or animal diseases caused by prions and what organisms are affected. Book: Biology (Campbell) 11 edition Urry. Cain. Wasserman. Minorsky. Reece
- ‘’Viruses cannot be grown in standard microbiological culture such as broth and agar. They need to be cultured in the presence of a suitable host such as prokaryotic cells (easiest to grow in the lab), plants and animals because they are unable to reproduce independently in living cells’’.2.1 Briefly, describe the advantages and disadvantages of cell culture.1. Precise words:Find the nonspecific terms in the following sentences. Replace the nonspecific choices with more preciseterms or phrases (It is not necessary to change the sentence structure).(i) All OVE mutants showed enhanced iP concentrations.(ii) Plants were kept in the cold overnight.(iii) To provide proof of concept for our hypothesis, we studied a virus in its host cell.(iv) The present paper reports on continuing experiments that were performed to clarify thissurprising effect.(v) The first transition state is a little lower in energy than the second transition state. 2. Simple words:Improve the word choice in the following examples by replacing the underlined terms or phrases withsimpler word choices (do not change the sentence structure).(i) These data substantiate our hypothesis.(ii) The difference in our results compared to those of Reuter et al. (1995) can be accounted forby the fact that different conditions were used.(iii) For the purpose of discussing cell migration we…Syn5 is a virus that infects photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the genus Synechococcus. The Syn5 virion is icosahedral (660 Å in diameter) with a short tail and an appendage called a horn. The horn is located on a vertex directly opposite the tail. Syn5 follows the typical five steps observed for most viruses when they multiply, and progeny viruses are released when the host lyses. The assembly of Syn5 virions involves several proteins, including capsid proteins, scaffolding proteins, a portal protein, a terminase, tail proteins, and horn proteins. To better understand the assembly of Syn5 virions, scientists used a type of microscopy called Zernike phase contrast electron cryotomography. This type of microscopy improves the contrast typically seen for conventional cryotomography. In their studies, the scientists observed several different developing virus particles in infected cells. The particles were: (1) 660 Å icosahedron containing DNA and having a tail; (2) 660 Å icosahedron…
- When a virus infects eukaryotic cells, one fate of the cell is lysis. List and briefly describe two other potential fates.As a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.The cell is the basic unit of all living things, and viruses which are generally not considered living but have the ability to infect cells. Describe how the structure of a virus compares to the structure of a cell. You should explain (not list) at least two similarities and two differences between features of cells and viruses including a brief explanation of the function of those structures. Explain why viruses need cells.
